DNA REPLICATION MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

Figure 5-2 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription REPLICATION FORK 1000 nt / sec !

Figure 5-14 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) Unwinding and strand separation by DNA helicase MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

Figure 5-16 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

Figure 5-3 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

UDPdeoxyUDPdTTP ADPdeoxyADPdATP GDPdeoxyGDPdGTP CDPdeoxyCDPdCTP dTDP ribonucleotide reductase kinase Methotrexate anti-cancer drug MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

Figure 5-18c Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) DNA polymerase III MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

replication direction 3’3’ 3’3’ 5’ 3’3’ leading strand 3’3’ 5’ 3’3’ lagging strand with Okazaki fragments DNA polymerase synthesizes in 5’  3’ direction MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

Figure 5-11 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) DNA polymerase can’t start a new strand, it can only elongate from existing one (RNA polymerase can) MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

Figure 5-12 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) polymerase I MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

Figure 5-19a Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

Figure 5-19b,c Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

Figure 5-21 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

Figure 5-22 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

Figure 5-6 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

Figure 5-25 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

Figure 5-26 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

Figure 5-34 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

Problem with the end of the lagging strand:... progressive shortening of chromosomal ends TTAGGGTTAGGGTTAGGGTTAGGG (TTAGGG) 20-HUNDREDS TELOMERES made of repeats SpeciesRepeat Sequence ArabidopsisTTTAGGG HumanTTAGGG OxytrichaTTTTGGGG Slime MoldTAGGG TetrahymenaTTGGGG TrypanosomeTAGGG Yeast(TG) 1-3 TG 2-3 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

Figure 5-41 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) TELOMERES ELONGATED BY ACTION OF TELOMERASE MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

Drosophila uses a different mechanism – transposition of retrotransposons Het-A and TART Harald Biessmann MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

~ 150 genes control the telomere length in yeast shortening telomeres associated with senescence telomerase highly active in >90% of tumors many adult cell types have detectable telomerase activity, it is highly regulated, fine tuned activity MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

TAKE IT EASY TO KEEP YOUR TELOMERES LONG! MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

PROMOTER AATAAA exon 1exon 2exon 3 ATG TAA AAUAAA AUG UAA AAUAAA AUG UAA intron TRANSCRIPTION Pre-mRNA mRNA DNA RNA SPLICING protein TRANSLATION coding sequence MAPSSRGG….. 5’5’3’ 3’3’5’5’ ATGAGA TACTCT ATGAGA RNA template strand OPEN READING FRAME coding strand 5’UTR3’UTR CAP AAAAA NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM UPSTREAMDOWNSTREAM MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

Figure 6-21 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

Figure 6-22a Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

Table 6-1 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

Figure 6-11 (part 1 of 7) Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) TRANSCRIPTION START IN PROCARYOTES MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

Figure 6-12a Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) GENE +1 PROMOTER MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

5’5’3’ 3’3’5’5’ ATGAGA TACTCT ATGAGA RNA template strand coding strand TERMINATOR MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

Figure 6-9 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

Table 6-2 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

Table 6-3 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

Figure 6-19 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) CORE PROMOTER MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

RNA PROCESSING in Eukaryotes AAUAAA AUG UAA AAUAAA AUG UAA intron Pre-mRNA mRNA RNA SPLICING 5’UTR3’UTR CAP AAAAA MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

Figure 6-22b Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) Capping Eukaryotic mRNA MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

Figure 6-38 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

SPLICEOSOME small nuclear RNA (snRNA) + proteins = small nuclear ribonucleoprotein … snRNP (“snurp”) U1-U6 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

Figure 6-28 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) snRNAs of snurps recognize 3 sequences 5’ splice site branch site 3’ splice site MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

Figure 6-26a Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

Figure 6-29 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

Figure 6-30c Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

Figure 6-36 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

Figure 6-31 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) ALTERNATIVE SPLICING MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

Figure 6-32a Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

Figure 6-32b Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription