Telomere-related Ageing and Cancer 20090400 김소은 20090410 김 준.

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Telomere-related Ageing and Cancer 김소은 김 준

Contents DISCOVERY AGINGCANCERTHERAPY

Telomere Telomere 는 chromosome 의 끝부분에 있다. Telomere 가 없는 chromosome 은 sticky 하다. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009

End Replication Problem Linear DNA 는 복제 시 끝부분이 점점 짧아져야 한다. 그러나 실제로는 길이가 거의 유지되며 genetic information 의 손실이 없다. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009

Telomere Discovery Elizabeth Blackburn 은 Tetrahynema 에서 minichromosome 을 분리시켰다. Minichromosome 에는 20~70 회 반복되는 CCCCAA sequence 가 있었다. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009

Function of Telomere Artificial linear DNA 를 yeast 에 그냥 넣을 때는 모두 분해되었다. 그러나 여기에 Tetrahymena 의 telomere 를 붙이자, 분해되지 않았다. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009

Telomerase Discovery Telomere, nucleotides, Tetrahymena extract 를 섞자 telomere 가 길어졌다. Telomere 의 길이를 늘리는 enzyme 이 존재할 것이다. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009

Telomerase Telomerase 는 telomere 와 sequence 의 RNA template 를 지닌 reverse- transcriptase 이다. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009

Telomere Structure Telomere 에는 telomere maintenance 에 중요한 여러 protein 이 binding 하여 structure 를 이룬다. Blasco, 2005

Discussion “ 진화적으로 ” telomere 와 telomerase 는 어떻게 생겨났을까 ? The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009

Contents DISCOVERY AGINGCANCERTHERAPY

Aging Werner syndromes Telomerase 가 없는 somatic cell 의 telomere 는 나이에 따라 점차 짧아진다. Premature syndrome 은 short telomere 의 phenotype 을 보인다

Mitotic Clock Theory Blackburn, 2000 Fig. 2. Mitotic clock theory Telomere 가 짧아지는 것은 cell 의 proliferation 을 제한한다. Telomere shortening 은 senescence, cancer 와 관련이 있다.

Fusion Telomere 길이가 아주 짧아지면 chromosome fusion 이 일어난다. Premature syndrome 에서도 이를 확인할 수 있다. Du, 2004

Cell Death Du, 2004 Telomere 가 짧아지면 세포가 죽게 된다.

Telomere Length Herrmann et al., 2001 가장 짧은 telomere 가 fusion 을 일으키며, fusion 은 다시 apoptosis 를 일으킨다. Telomerase 는 가장 짧은 telomere 에 대한 preference 가 있다.

Chromosome Fusion Herrmann et al., 2001 Telomere 가 없는 것은 chromosome fusion 과 아주 높은 상관관계를 보인다.

Contents DISCOVERY AGINGCANCERTHERAPY

Cancer Telomere dysfunction And Telomerase reintroduction Chromosome instability 는 telomerase 가 다시 작동할 수 있게 한다. Blasco, 2005

Tumor 짧은 telomere 와 telomerase 결핍은 tumor 를 억제한다. González-Suárez et al., 2000

Epigenetic Regulation Telomere 의 epigenetic regulation 은 telomerase 의 access 를 조절한다. Regulation 에 이상이 생기면 telomere 가 길어지고, 이는 cancer 를 유발한다. Blasco, 2005

Contents DISCOVERY AGINGCANCERTHERAPY

Telomere Measurement

Cancer Therapy Mutant-Template Telomerase RNA(MT-hTer) and Anti-telomerase short- interfering RNA caused p53-independent cell growth inhibition and apoptosis, in telomerase-positive precancerous or cancer cells but not in telomerase-negative cells. Co-expression of MT-hTer and siRNA synergistically killed cancer cells.

smaller and less vascularized tumors in mice than wild-type human telomerase RNA controls. Li, 2004

Delivery of siRNA targeting hTERT biodegradable polyethylenimine containing multiple disulfide bonds (SS-PEI) was successfully applied as a potent non-viral carrier for intracellular delivery of the hTERT siRNA in vitro and in vivo. Xiaa, 2011

Drugs and Vaccines in Clinical Trial Telomerase Inhibitor Drug, Imetelstat(GRN163L) Telomerase Cancer Vaccine, GRNVAC1 Oligonucleotides(target template region of telomerase) In phase 2 clinical trial Peptide vaccine, GV ct/01_bio_01.asp

Anti-ageing Pill TA-65 is a naturally occurring single molecule found in the ancient Chinese herb Astragalus. TA-65 is a telomerase activator, which turns on the hTERT gene. drdavesbest.com

Mechanism of GRN163L GRN163L is telomerase active site inhibitor. Harley, 2008

Discussion González-Suárez et al., 2000 DePinho, 2000 Telomerase activity 를 조절하는 의약품은 Cancer 발생에 어떤 영향을 미칠까 ?

Discussion  Cell 의 senescence 와 우리가 흔히 생각하 는 “aging” 은 어떤 관계가 있을까 ?  Chromosome 마다 telomere 길이가 왜 다 른 걸까 ?  세포의 telomerase activity 를 어떻게 측정 할까 ?  다른 therapy 방법은 어떤 것이 있을까 ?

Reference   The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009  Maria A. Blasco (2005), Telomeres and Human Disease: Ageing, Cancer and Beyond, Nature reviews genetics, voloume 6, August 2005,  Xiaobing Du, Johnny Shen, Nishan Kugan, Emma E. Furth, David B. Lombard, Catherine Cheung, Sally Pak, Guangbin Luo, Robert J. Pignolo, Ronald A. DePinho, Leonard Guarente, and F. Brad Johnson (2004), Telomere Shortening Exposes Functions for the Mouse Werner and Bloom Syndrome Genes, Molecular and cellular Biology, October 2004, 24(19), 8437–8446  Eva González-Suárez, Enrique Samper, Juana M. Flores & María A. Blasco (2000), Telomerase-deficient Mice with Short Telomeres are Resistant to Skin Tumorigenesis, Nature genetics, volume 26, September 2000,  Ronald A. DePinho (2000), The Age of Cancer, NATURE, Volume 408, 9 November 2000,  Wei Xiaa,Peijun Wanga,Chao Linb,Zhuoquan Lib,Xiaolong Gaoa,Guoliang Wanga,Xiaohu Zhaoa (2011), Bioreducible polyethylenimine-delivered siRNA targeting human telomerase reverse transcriptase inhibits HepG2 cell growth in vitro and in vivo,Journal of Controlled Release,doi: /j.jconrel  Shang Li, Jonathan E. Rosenberg 1, Annemarie A. Donjacour, Inna L. Botchkina, Yun Kit Hom, Gerald R. Cunha, and Elizabeth H. Blackburn(2004),Rapid Inhibition of Cancer Cell Growth Induced by Lentiviral Delivery and Expression of Mutant-Template Telomerase RNA and Anti-telomerase Short-Interfering RNA,Cancer Res,July 15  Calvin B. Harley (2008), Telomerase and cancer therapeutics, NATURE REVIEWS|CANCER, Volume 8, March2008,