1 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. Wireless LAN Solution & Deployment Tjie Seng, Njauw

2 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. The Paradigm Shift Fixed Communications Mobile Communications

3 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. The Paradigm Shift Fixed Work Area Work where you want!

4 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. The Paradigm Shift Tethered Network Connection Wireless Network Connectivity Wireless LAN Products

5 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.  Radio Frequency Technologies  WLANs Product Categories  Standards Based Technology What is a Wireless LAN?

6 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. Radio Frequency Technologies Wireless Data Networks Broadband PCS Broadband PCS Metricom Local Wide Coverage Area Satellite Spread Spectrum Wireless LANs Spread Spectrum Wireless LANs Circuit & Packet Data Cellular, CDPD, RAM, ARDIS Circuit & Packet Data Cellular, CDPD, RAM, ARDIS Narrowband PCS Infrared Wireless LANs Infrared Wireless LANs Narrow Band Wireless LANs Narrow Band Wireless LANs Wireless LAN b Data Rates 9.6 Kbps 19.6 Kbps 56 Kbps 1 Mbps 2 Mbps 4 Mbps 10 Mbps

7 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. License Free ISM Band Extremely Low Very Low MediumHighVery High Ultra High Super High InfraredVisible Light Ultra- violet X-Rays Audio AM Broadcast Short Wave RadioFM Broadcast Television Infrared wireless LAN Cellular (840MHz) NPCS (1.9GHz) MHz 26 MHz Older Product 5 GHz (IEEE A) HyperLAN HyperLAN2 Future Technology 2.4 – GHz 83.5 MHz (IEEE B) Current Product

8 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. Binary phase shift keyed (BPSK) BPSK uses one phase to represent a binary 1 and another to represent a binary 0 for a total of two bits of binary data. This is utilized to transmit data at 1Mbps. Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK). With QPSK, the carrier undergoes four changes in phase and can thus represent four binary bits of data. This is utilized to transmit data at 2 Mbps. Complementary code keying (CCK) CCK uses a complex set of functions known as complementary codes to send more data. One of the advantages of CCK over similar modulation techniques is that it suffers less from multipath distortion. This is utilized to transmit data at 5.5 and 11Mbps. Radio Modulation

9 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. 2 Mbps DSSS 350 feet radius In Building WLANs 5.5 Mbps DSSS 175 feet radius 11 Mbps DSSS 100 feet radius Average b Access Point Range

10 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. Direct Sequence Modulation Each data bit becomes a string of chips (chipping sequence) transmitted in parallel across a wide frequency range Minimum chip rate per the FCC is 10 chips for 1 and 2MB (BPSK/QPSK) and 8 chips for 11Mb (CCK) data rates. If the data bit was: 1001 Chipping code is : 1= = Transmitted data would be:

11 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. Channels DS (11) 22 MHz wide stationary channels x “chips per bit”, means each bit sent redundantly 11 Mbps data rate 3 non-overlapping channels 3 Access Points can occupy same area

12 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. Scalability With Direct Sequence Blue= 11Mb Green=11Mb Red=11Mb Total Bandwidth=33MB!!!

13 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. Wireless Capacity per Cell DS-2Mb DS-11Mb Scalability

14 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. Power Level & Cell Size Power Level & Cell Size

15 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. In-Building Design Considerations 200 Users on the Floor Reduce Power - 5mW 18 Access Points 11 Users per AP of shared bandwidth Users on the Floor Full Antenna Power – 30mW Max 3 Access Points 67 Users per AP of shared bandwidth 1611

16 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. WLAN Product Categories In-Building WLANs Building-to-Building WLANS

17 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. In-Building WLAN Components Internet Ethernet Backbone

18 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. In-Building WLAN Components Internet Ethernet Backbone Overlapping “cells” Allow for Roaming

19 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. In-Building WLAN Components Internet Ethernet Backbone

20 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. In-Building WLAN Components Internet Ethernet Backbone

21 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. Inline Power  Source operating current from the Ethernet port, over the Cat 5 cable.  Line power configuration is compliant with all of Cisco’s line power enabled devices such as switches and line power patch panels.  Distances up to 100 meters Call Manager Server VoIP Phone AP Switch Powered CAT5

22 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. Load Balancing AP’s configured for load sharing use different RF channels in coverage area Policy can be based on number of users, bit error rate, or signal strength Channel 1 Channel 6

23 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. Hot Standby AP’s co-located for hot standby use SAME RF channel in coverage area Standby AP acts as probe for monitoring and management ActiveStandby Channel X

24 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. Security Considerations (*#&$(*#&$* ( #(*&$*(#$ #)($__%# #$#% 40-Bit 128-Bit Encryption or WEP

25 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. Centralized User-Based Authentication Authenticator (e.g. Access Point, Catalyst Switch(?)) Supplicant Semi-Public Network / Enterprise Edge Authentication Server RADIUSRADIUS EAP Over Wireless/LAN (EAPOW/EAPOL) EAP Over RADIUS Extended Enterprise (Branch Office, Home, etc.) Enterprise Intranet

26 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. ManageabilityManageability Site Survey Signal Strength Signal Quality Diagnostic UtilitiesSimple and GraphicalMinimizes Helpdesk Calls

27 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. In Building Site Survey

28 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. Decreases Implementation Costs A Fraction the Cost of Trenching High Speed Connections Greater Bandwidth than T1 Lines Eliminates Recurring Charges No Monthly Leased Line Fees Reduces Installation Delays No Right of Way or Permits Required, Installation in an Afternoon Makes Physical Barriers Irrelevant Bypass Lakes, Rivers, Freeways, Railroads Wireless Bridges

29 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. Wireless Antennas Bridges Patch Wall Mast Mount High Gain Mast Mount Yagi MastSolid Dish Type Gain Approximate Range at 2 Mbps Approximate Range at 11 Mbps Cable Length Directional Beam Width 8 dBi 60  H 55  V 2.0 Miles 3390’ 3’ Omni 5.2 dBi 360  H 75  V 5000’ 1580’ 3’ Omni 12 dBi 360  H 7  V 4.6 Miles 1.4 Miles 1’ Directional 13.5 dBi 6.5 Miles 2 Miles 1.5’ 30  H 25  V Directional 21 dBi 25 Miles 11.5 Miles 2’ 12.4  H 12.4  V

30 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. 0 to 25 miles (line of sight) Ethernet Bridge Optional Antenna Building ABuilding B Optional Antenna Point-to-Point Configuration

31 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. Bridge PCI Card MCHub Bridge-Bridge, Bridge-Client

32 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. Outdoor Path Considerations Radio line of sight Earth bulge Fresnel Zone Antenna and cabling Data rate

33 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. Bridge Application: Wireless Campus link Channel #11 Channel #6 Channel #1

34 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. IEEE A Move Toward Standardization! A very high-performance WLAN system Efficient MAC and high-quality radio products perform better than proprietary systems Client interoperability WEP standard privacy and authentication Standards-based migration path for system growth The IEEE (July 1997) for 1 and 2Mb DSSS The IEEE802.11b (Sept 1999) for 11Mb DSSS

35 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. WI-FI Certification WECA certifies Interoperability between products. This provides assurance to customers of migration and integration options. Certified products can be found at

36 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. Soo… What’s Next..

37 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. Internet Mobile Office Broadband solution for the mobile business professional that combines all of the following: Wired and wireless connectivity Broadband speeds when on the move Access to critical business applications Secure, end-to-end VPN access Nationwide and international coverage Consolidated billing across service providers Access to localized content

38 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. Bringing Mobile Offices to Mobile Professionals Enterprise Customers

39 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. Wireless Mobile Business Professionals Public Spaces Internet T1/T3 Enterprise Network T1/T3 Airport / Public Spaces Switch Router Firewall VPN Concentrator Service Subscriber Gateway Settlement System Server Hotels T1/T3 Wireless b Access Point Wireless b Clients w/ VPN Client Service Subscriber Gateway Switch T1/T3 Wireless b Access Point