Who led the Protestant reformation in Germany? Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Britain? -abundant resources -natural resources (coal, waterways) -large population Martin Luther What is Imperialism? What is Nationalism? Otto Von Bismarck is associated with what slogan? Imperialism is when a stronger nation takes over a weaker nation Extreme pride and devotion in ones nation Blood and Iron

Africa

Savanna- Fertile grassy plains African Geography -2nd largest continent -various geographic features: Deserts, rain forests, savannah -few natural harbors -navigable rivers -Salt, Iron, Gold and copper resources -Sahara Desert Savanna- Fertile grassy plains

Where am I?

Bantu An ancient tribe known as the Bantu inhabited the central African Savanna. They used slash and burn agriculture techniques but this caused desertification, a problem still today. The Bantu were forced to migrate south and spread their language and iron working skills.

Egypt Ruled by Pharaohs, god-kings, who were buried in pyramids Wrote in Hieroglyphics, which were translated on the Rosetta Stone Dependent on the Nile river. Developed irrigation canals to bring water to the crops

Egypt from Space- at night Africa

West Saharan Trade African trade grew quickly with the introduction of the Asian Camel Camels could transport up to 500 pounds and travel 20-30 miles a day with limited water The most commonly trade items were Gold and Salt

Mali and Mansa Musa Mansa Musa was king of Mali, a trading empire in West Africa Mansa Musa created a peaceful empire that promoted trade He also practiced Islam and completed the Hajj to Mecca. Along the way he built schools and mosques. He also brought scholars back to Mali.

Mali and Mansa Musa

Islam The West Saharan trade routes allowed Islam to spread from the Middle East to West Africa Islam is still a major religion in North and and West Africa. Many African Muslim nations today are experiencing revolution to overthrow oppressive dictators.

African Scramble European nations met in Berlin in 1884 to decide how to split up Africa. They established borders that are mostly unchanged today. However they combined ethnic groups without thought. In South Africa the British gained control and established Apartheid, a racial segregation system.

Arab Spring The Arab Spring is a string of revolutions in Islamic countries to get rid of oppressive dictators. It began in Tunisia when a fruit seller self immolated. The new governments are struggling to implement democracy and there is a worry that Theocracy could be established throughout the region Democracy: People’s Government Theocracy: Religious Government (Sharia)

Important People Nelson Mandela: Peacefully campaigned against Apartheid. Was imprisoned for decades but eventually elected president Jomo Kenyatta Peacefully campaigned against British rule. Considered founding father of Kenya Mansa Musa: Leader of Mali. Spread Islam across North and West Africa. Kept Saharan trade routes safe, promoting trade Kwame Nkrumah: Using civil disobedience and passive resistance he freed Ghana from British control. He promoted national pride

Genocides There have been several genocides in Africa that begin when imperial powers leave: Rwanda: Hutus and Tutsis attack one another resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths. Over 95000 orphans Sudan: Muslim nationalists attack Christian minority, forcing thousands of boys to flee to neighboring nations for safety

Dictators (Mugabe) After independence many African nations came under the control of military dictators. Many have been ousted by the Arab Spring. Most dictatorships caused the economy to crumble and became oppressive. Mugabe- Dictator of Zimbabwe from 1980 to present. He is called the “president” but has never lost an election despite growing opposition among his people. Some consider him to be the cause of economic collapse in Zimbabwe, where 95% of the people are unemployed

Africa’s Challenges today Despite some promising economic growth in many African nations, there are still serious issues challenging the continent: -Disease: AIDs infects a large and growing number of Africans -Somalia lawlessness- Pirates have been attacking merchant ships stealing and murdering the crew -Kenya Islamic terrorists: Islamic groups throughout Africa try to gain control and establish Sharia -Dictators and Arab spring- Many dictators have been over thrown by revolts, often spread through social media. Most nations are experimenting with democracy -Desertification- The Sahara desert continues to spread, reducing fertile land for crops and herding