A Review of Idealist/Realist Debate Idealism Wilson, Zimmern Optimistic/Progressive Outlook Collective Security Institutionalizing peace İnstitutions transcending states Colloboration International Institutions Realism Carr, Morgenthau Pessimistic/Stability Outlook Structural anarchy War & Security İndependent states National interests, security, power, zero-sum competition Balance of Power INT 313

Lecture Outline (17.10.2002) Theories of Political Integration Functionalism Neo-Functionalism Interdependence International Regimes Systems Theory World Federalism Epistemic Communities INT 313

Theories of Political Integration What is political integration? INT 313

Political Integration The process or the product of efforts to build new political communities and supranational institutions that transcend the state INT 313

The Purposes of Political Integration To remove states’ incentives for war To engineer reform programs To transform international institutions from instruments of states to structures over them INT 313

Functionalism David Mitrany, A Working Peace System, 1966 Ernst Haas, Beyond the Nation-State, 1964 INT 313

Functionalism a gradualist approach to world order with the attainment of political federation by installments Peace by pieces A “bottom-up” evolutionary view Why a gradualist approach? How a gradualist approach? INT 313

Functionalism Why a gradualist approach? Because state sovereignty is so firmly for the states and it is very difficult for the states to cease it The conflicts among states are generally exempted from political issues Thus, it is very difficult to provide integration between states in political matters So, how can cooperation be achieved? INT 313

Functionalism How a gradualist approach? In Political Issues cooperation is unlikely to occur So what to do? INT 313

Functionalism How a gradualist approach? In Political Issues cooperation is unlikely to occur So what to do? It is relatively easy to attain cooperation in non-political matters What are these? INT 313

Functionalism How a gradualist approach? Cooperation in non-political areas build habits of interaction spill over effect Cooperation in the political areas INT 313

Functionalism How can functionalist theory be criticized? the distinction between political and non-political the transition from non-political to political integration may not be possible state sovereignty is underestimated in functionalist theory INT 313

Neofunctionalism the supremacy of political factors the political/non-political aspects are totally different so there is not a way from non-political therough political Integration should begin by the political issues. Then it would include all other aspects of life Maastricht Treaty on EU INT 313

Neofunctionalism Preconditions for a proper political Integration

Neofunctionalism Preconditions for a proper political Integration geographical proximity steady economic growth similar political systems supportive public opinion cultural homogeneity internal political stability Similar historical experiences Compatible forms of government and economic systems INT 313

Neofunctionalism Preconditions for a proper political Integration Similar level of economic resources a shared perception of common external threat Bureaucratic compatibilities Previous corroborative efforts similar level of military preparedness INT 313

Neofunctionalism Cooperation in Political Matters Spill Over Nation-state Spill Round Federation Spill Back INT 313

Interdependence INT 313

Interdependence Changes in one nation produce significant changes in one or more others In emerged as a challenge to the realist analysis of world politics? In what ways? INT 313

Interdependence By Challenging 3 Premises of Realism States as coherent units are the dominant actors in world politis Force is a usable and effective instrument of policy There is a hierarchy of issues in world politics INTEGRATION IS IMPOSSIBLE INT 313

Interdependence By Challenging 3 Premises of Realism States as coherent units are the dominant actors in world politis Multiple Channels Connect Societies informal ties btw. Govt. Elites informal ties btw. Non-govt. Elites transnational orhanizations 3 types of Channels interstate transgovernmental transnational INT 313

Interdependence By Challenging 3 Premises of Realism 2. Force is a usable and effective instrument of policy Military Force is not employed btw. Govts that locate in the same region or issue area INT 313

Interdependence By Challenging 3 Premises of Realism 3. There is a hierarchy of issues in world politics There is not an hierarchy of issues in the agenda of interstate relations INT 313

Interdependence By Challenging 3 Premises of Realism 3. There is a hierarchy of issues in world politics There is not an hierarchy of issues in the agenda of interstate relations Energy resources Defense Environment Health Population Education Use of Seas Welfare Agriculture Justice Commerce Labor INT 313