Unit 11 Country case studies: Canada, NL + 3 student presentations 4th May 2005, Laura Laubeova

Canada 300 years of immigration 1996 CENSUS OF CANADA TABULATIONS: ethnic origin, official language, home language 12, 5 mil., 44% other than Br, Fr, Canad. 5, 3 mil (19%) only Can. 4, 9 mil (17%) only Br 2,7 mil (10%´) only Fr

Diversity in regions W. Provinces – over 60% other then Br, Fr, Can Saskatchewan- 61% other, 7% Aborig.; Territories- 37% Aborig.

Ethnic min. larger than 900 tho.: Germans (2mil.), Ital., Ukraine (1 mil.), Chinese, Dutch (0,9 mil.)

Larger than 350 tho.: Scandinavians, Poles, South Asians (600 tho.), Caribbean, Jews

Non- European: Aborid., Chinese, South Asians, Philippinos, Latin Americans

Minorities (non Fr, Br, Can): Germans - Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia, Atlant. Provincies Ital. - Quebec (then Aboridg.) Aborid. - Territories

Visible minorities - in Employment Equity Act: Persons other than aboriginal peoples, who are non- Caucasian in ´race´ or non-white in colour, other origin than European Since 1996 – question No. 19 Do you belong to..? mil. (11,2%).

Visible minorities Over a half (1,7 mil.) in Ontario, 41% in cities (Toronto, Vancouver. Montreal. Largest - Chinese (800 tho.), South Asians, Blacks Most Chinese are immigrants (75%); Japanese and Blacks were rather born in Canada (65%, 42 %)

Designated groups Employment Equity Act apart from visible minorities 4 designated groups: Women Aboriginals Disabled

Immigrants 5 mil immigrants - 17 % (1996). cf only 2 mil. 13 % (655 tho.) born in UK 7% (330 tho.) in It. 5% in China, India, USA

Definition of an immigrant: 1. CIC (Citizenship and Immigration Canada) – who received a permit for permanent settlement 2. Census of Canada – who was not born in Canada "What Country are you a Citizen of?"

Languages: official (Fr, Engl.) + non-official "home languages“ Home language is defined as the language most often spoken at home. (Statistics Canada collected information on English, French and a maximum of one non-official language)

Languages: 17% (4,9 mil) other mother tongue than Fr or Engl. 10% (3 mil) speaks at home with other tongue than Fr or Engl.

Home languages Chinese (half mil) Italian Panjabi Spanish Portugeese

Home languages 12 out of 20 most spread home language are non-European Chines, Panjabi, Arab, Tagalog, Vietnamese, Tamil, Cree, Farsi, Korean, Urdu, Guajarati, Hindu

Source: Multicultural Canada, A Demographic Overview, Strategic Research and Business Planning, Dept. of Canadian Heritage, 1998 Etc., vide bellow

MCP Official Languages act in 1969 Official policy of Multiculturalism in 1971 Canadian Multiculturalism Act in Renewed multiculturalism programme

Nunavat 1 April 1999 Inuktitut

Resources: Employment Equity Act 1986 Canadian Multiculturalism Act, 1988 Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 1982 Official Languages act 1969 Canadian Bill of Rights 1960 Canadian Citizenship Act 1947

Canada Year Book 1997, Minister of Industry, 1996 Canadian Heritage: Multicultural Program, Respect, Equality, Diversity, Program Guidelines, July 1998 The Evidence Series, Facts About Multiculturalism, May 21, volume 1, July 21, volume 2, September volume 3** Profile, Newsletter of the Royal Society of Canada, Vol.5, No.1, Spring 1997 Breton, Raymond: From Ethnic to Civic Nationalism: English Canada and Quebec in Hutchinson, John, Smith Anthony, ed. (1996) Ethnicity, Oxford- New York: Oxford University Press

The Netherlands 16 mil. Immigrants of Western descent: 1, 4 mil. (8%) Immigrants of non-Western descent: 1, 6 mil. (incl. 2nd generation) – 10% Total immigrants 18 %

Classic groups Turkey % Suriname Morocco Antilles/Aruba

New Groups Iraq Afghanistan Somalia Iran Cf Rotterdam figures!

Integration policy: Coordination: Ministry of Justice (Minister for Immigration and Integration) + other ministries Implementation municipalities

Integration system: Obligatory programmes for „newcomers“ newcomers every year Voluntary programmes for „oldcomers“ Stock of about oldcomers

Newcomers Integration Act (30 Sept. 1998) Policy document on oldcomers (June 2001) Dual paths Funding: Newcomers: 177 million Euro (2001) Oldcomers: 100 million Euro (2002)

Antidiscrimination: Equal treatment legislation since 1994 The Equal Treatment Act (ETA)/ The Equal Treatment Commission (semi-judicial) Race+ ethnic origin, religion, belief, political opinion, nationality, sexual orientation and civil status (not handicap and age- cf. EC Framework Directive)

ETA Allows positive action as an exception to the general prohibition of unequal treatment: „prohibition shall not apply if the discrimination is aimed at putting members of ethnic and cultural minorities in a privileged position, in order to eliminate or reduce de facto inequalities. This preferential treatment has to be reasonably proportionate to that aim, and it should be abolished when equality is reached.

Wet SAMEN Act on the stimulation of labour participation of ethnic minorities (Wet SAMEN): Required organisations to reach proportionate participation of ethnic minorities in their staff. Wet SAMEN implemented Section 2.2 of ICERD- The objectives of various laws include reaching de facto equality of minority groups on the labour market.

Rotterdam inhabitants second half of the 19th century, thousands of labourers mostly from the rural provinces harbour related activities, Ruhr-area WWI refugees. 20`s immigration diversified, eg Chinese also East and Central Europe, who originally came to catch the boat to America, but decided to stay.

Table 1 Population Rotterdam (Based on ethnicity, not nationality) Total population % Total immigrants % Immigrants: Ethnic minorities* % Other poor countries % Other rich countries %

*Ethnic minorities Surinamese % Turks % Moroccans % Antilleans % Cape-Verdians % Other South-Europe %

Table 2. Population Netherlands (Based on ethnicity, not nationality) Total population % Total immigrants % Western immigrants % Non-western immigrants % Turks % Surinamese Moroccans Antilleans