Module 7 – Power Systems: Tethers What is a Tether? It is the lifeline for your ROV The Tether provides your ROV with Physical Connection to the Surface Electrical Power to run the ROV Communications link between the ROV and Surface Video Link to see what the ROV is doing

Module 7 – Power Systems: Tethers What is one of the biggest problems with tethers in small ROVs? Length? Weight in Water? Flexibility? Drag? Voltage Drop? Strength? ALL OF THESE!!!

Module 7 – Power Systems: Tethers Good Tether design takes all these factors into consideration Length – Just as long as needed Weight in Water – Neutral if possible Flexibility – nice and flexible Drag – as small diameter possible Voltage Drop – the least possible Strength – nice and strong to pull the ROV out if it dies. EACH OF THESE CAUSE PROBLEMS FOR THE OTHERS! THERE IS A BIG PROBLEM HERE!!!

Module 7 – Power Systems: Tethers WHAT Do you mean? Too much length causes more voltage drop If you fix that by making it bigger the tether is less flexible. It also becomes heavier and now is a big drag on the ROV. If you try and make it really small and just the right length, you may also have too much voltage drop. Design a tether with all these items in mind!!! OK, what are we supposed to do?

Module 7 – Power Systems: Tethers First we need some information. 1. What is the worst case current draw that your ROV will demand? 2. What is the maximum distance that your ROV will need to go for this mission? 3. What is the Maximum Voltage your ROV will be supplied with? 4. What is the Minimum Voltage that your ROV can receive and still operate in an acceptable manner?

Module 7 – Power Systems: Tethers First we need some information. 1. What is the worst case current draw that your ROV will demand? Three thruster ROV: Each thruster at full power draws 3 amps. Total current = 3 Amps * 3 = 9 amps

Module 7 – Power Systems: Tethers First we need some information. 2. What is the maximum distance that your ROV will need to go for this mission? DEPTH/TETHER LENGTH EXPLORER class ROVs must be capable of operating in a maximum pool depth of 5.2 meters (17 feet). RANGER class ROVs must be capable of operating in a maximum pool depth of 3.7 meters (12 feet). All underwater missions will take place within 10 meters from the side of the pool. The mission station will be no more than 2 meters from the side of the pool. Tether length should be calculated accordingly. Using the above criteria, we determine that a 18 meter tether will work for your mission. 2 meters to pool + 10 meters from pool edge + 3.7 meters deep + 2 meters extra = 17.7m Round to 18 meters

Module 7 – Power Systems: Tethers First we need some information. 3. What is the Maximum Voltage your ROV will be supplied with? Maximum will be our power supply of 12V 4. What is the Minimum Voltage that your ROV can receive and still operate in an acceptable manner? We don't have any electronics on board but would like at least 85% of the voltage delivered to the ROV, 12*0.85 = 10.2V

Module 7 – Power Systems: Tethers Now we have all our information. We want to design our tether for maximum flexibility and with a minimum voltage drop of 1.8 volts (12v – 10.2v = 1.8v) But what is this voltage drop stuff?

Module 7 – Power Systems: Tethers To understand voltage drop, we have to go back to Ohms Law . E = I * R Also, EVERY wire has resistance associated with it and the bigger the wire the smaller the resistance. Already know two of the values in the equation above. E = 1.8 volts and I = 9 amps

Module 7 – Power Systems: Tethers That means we have to select our wire that has a value of R that satifies the equation. R = E / I R = 1.8 / 9 R = 0.2 ohms OK, But where do these ohms come from in the wire? I thought wire didn't have any resistance.

Module 7 – Power Systems: Tethers Every wire has resistance. How much depends upon material, temperature, length and diameter of that wire. There are many conductor characteristic charts that will provide you with this information. One such chart is at: Wire Chart This chart is for Copper at 75C and gives ohms per foot and sizes using American Wire Gauge (AWG)

Module 7 – Power Systems: Tethers Lets look at our tether While our electrons are going from the power supply to the ROV and back, they have to make a total round trip of 36 meters or 118 feet. Total Wire resistance is based on total length of the electrons trip OR 2 * the distance between power and load. (supply and ROV)

Module 7 – Power Systems: Tethers From the wire characteristic chart: 24 AWG copper has a resistance of 25.67 ohms/kft 12 AWG copper has a resistance of 1.588 ohms/kft 24 AWG is standard stranded networking wire 12 AWG is standard stranded speaker wire OK, lets see what we have for wire resistance in our tether. 24 AWG: (25.67 ohms /1000 feet) * 118 feet = 3.029 ohms 12 AWG: (1.588 ohms /1000 feet) * 118 feet = 0.187 ohms What resistance did we need? While our electrons are going from the power supply to the ROV and back, they have to make a total round trip of 36 meters or 118 feet. Total Wire resistance is based on distance

Module 7 – Power Systems: Tethers OK, with these two wires, we have 24 AWG: (25.67 ohms /1000 feet) * 118 feet = 3.029 ohms 12 AWG: (1.588 ohms /1000 feet) * 118 feet = 0.187 ohms Earlier we calculated that we needed a resistance of R = 0.2 ohms (or less) It looks like the 12 AWG will just work! But... Can we make the tether more flexible?

Module 7 – Power Systems: Tethers Now we need wire with less resistance. We can....... 1. Get bigger wire – BAD, bigger = less flexible 2. Parallel smaller wires – maybe better, smaller wires are more flexible.

Module 7 – Power Systems: Tethers Paralleling wires: The resistance of the wires will decrease by the number of pairs of wire in the tether. If there are 2 pairs, it decrease by 2, 4 pairs by 4, etc. 24 awg with 4 pairs = 3.029/4 = 0.757 ohms Not quite there yet, but is there something inbetween 24 AWG and 12 AWG? ...

Module 7 – Power Systems: Tethers Is that the best you can do? By trying different combinations of wire sizes and number of pairs, you can come up with a combination that will meet the original criteria of 0.2 ohms. Exercise: Go to the Voltage Drop Calculator and see if you can come up with a 4 pair combination of wire sizes that equal to 0.2 ohms and has a voltage at the ROV of 10.2 volts. NOTE: The calculator uses distance from source to load, not total length, so use 18m or 59 feet ...

Module 7 – Power Systems: Tethers WELL??? What did you come up with? You should have settled on four pairs of 18AWG in parallel for your tether and a voltage at the ROV of 10.3 Volts. How did you do?

Module 7 – Power Systems: Tethers Additional study material can be found on YouTube by searching for Voltage Drop Tutorial Have Fun!