A 5S Perspective on Digital Libraries for E-Learning: With case studies from Archaeology, Computing, and Dissertations Edward A. Fox, Virginia Tech Keynote for DeLFI Darmstadt, Germany – 14 Sept. 2006

Acknowledgements (selected) Colleagues: Lillian Cassel, Debra Dudley, Weiguo Fan, Marcos Gonçalves, Doug Gorton, Rohit Kelapure, Neill Kipp, Aaron Krowne, Ming Luo, Uma Murthy, Manuel Perez, Ananth Raghavan, Rao Shen, Hussein Suleman, Srinivas Vemuri, Layne Watson, … Sponsors: ACM, AOL, CAPES, DFG, IBM, Microsoft, NSF (IIS , , , , , ; ITR ; DUE , , , ), SUN, …

Outline Hypotheses Digital libraries 5S (Societies, Scenarios, Spaces, Structures, and Streams) Archaeology Computing Dissertations Summary and Conclusions

Hypotheses 1)Digital libraries (DLs) can be the cornerstone for e-learning with educational resources, facilitating collaborative development, distribution, and re-use. 2)To properly develop such DLs, it is important to consider 5 key aspects (5S). 3)These 5Ss facilitate DL: design, implementation, and formalization.

DLs and E-Learning Data, information, knowledge management systems -> DLs Authoring, content, course, (adaptive) hypermedia management systems (Digital, Institutional) Repositories Application: E-Learning

Digital Libraries in Education Analytical Survey, ed. Leonid Kalinichenko © 2003, Transforming the Way to Learn DLs of Educational Resources & Services Integrated/Virtual Learning Environment Educational Metadata Current DLEs: US (NSDL, DLESE, CITIDEL, NDLTD), Europe (Scholnet, Cyclades), UK (Distributed National Electronic Resource)

Outline Hypotheses Digital libraries 5S (Societies, Scenarios, Spaces, Structures, and Streams) Archaeology Computing Dissertations Summary and Conclusions

Digital Libraries Borgman et al.: Workshop Report on Social Aspects of Digital Libraries E-pub flattening Larsen & Watclar: 2003 Chatham DELOS: 1-2 June 2006 Rome Definitions

Information Life Cycle Authoring Modifying Organizing Indexing Storing Retrieving Distributing Networking Retention / Mining Accessing Filtering Using Creating

Digital Libraries Shorten the Chain from Editor Publisher A&I Consolidator Library Reviewer

DLs Shorten the Chain to Author Reader Digital Library Editor Reviewer Teacher Learner Librarian

People Digital librarians DL system developers DL system administrators DL managers DL collection development staff DL evaluators DL users

DL Manifesto - 1 DL Reference Model In support of the future European Digital Library Developed by team connected with DELOS (Candela, Casteli, Ioannidis, Koutrica, Meghini, Pagano, Ross, Schek, Schuldt) Draft 2.2 presented in Frescati, near Rome, June 2006 – 79 pages Could be integrated with work of DLF, JISC, etc.

DL Manifesto – 2: 3 Tiers

DL Manifesto – 3: Main Concepts

DL Manifesto – 4: Actor Roles

DL Definitions - 1 “A digital library is an organized and focused collection of digital objects, including text, images, video, and audio, along with methods of access and retrieval, and for selection, creation, organization, maintenance, and sharing of the collection.” Witten & Bainbridge – “How to Build a Digital Library” – Morgan Kaufmann 2003

DL Definitions - 2 “Digital libraries are organizations that provide the resources, including the specialized staff, to select, structure, offer intellectual access to, interpret, distribute, preserve the integrity of, and ensure the persistence over time of collections of digital works so that they are readily and economically available for use by a defined community or set of communities” Waters,D.J. CLIR Issues, July/August

DL Definitions - 3 Issues and Spectra –Collection vs. Institution –Content vs. System –Access vs. Preservation –“Free” vs. Quality –Managed vs. Comprehensive –Centralized vs. Distributed vs. Personal

DL Definitions - 4 NOT a “digitized library” NOT a “deconstruction” of existing systems and institutions, moving them to an electronic box in a Library IS a new way to deal with knowledge –Authoring, Self-archiving, Collecting, –Organizing, Preserving, –Accessing, Propagating, Re-using

Outline Hypotheses Digital libraries 5S (Societies, Scenarios, Spaces, Structures, and Streams) Archaeology Computing Dissertations Summary and Conclusions

5S References Used to define DL Services Taxonomy Framework, Metamodels 5S Suite (5S Graph)

Selected 5S-Related References - 1 [1] M. Gonçalves, E. Fox, L. Watson, and N. Kipp, “Streams, Structures, Spaces, Scenarios, Societies (5S): A Formal Model for Digital Libraries,” ACM Transactions on Information Systems, vol. 22, pp , [2] M. A. Gonçalves, “Streams, Structures, Spaces, Scenarios, and Societies (5S): A Formal Digital Library Framework and Its Applications,” Computer Science Doctoral Dissertation. Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Tech, 2004, 161 pages /unrestricted/MarcosDissertation.pdf [3] M. A. Gonçalves and E. A. Fox, “5SL - A Language for Declarative Specification and Generation of Digital Libraries,” in Proc. JCDL’2002, Second ACM / IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries, July 14-18, G. Marchionini, Ed. Portland, Oregon, USA: ACM, 2002, pp

Selected 5S-Related References - 2 [4] Q. Zhu, “5SGraph: A Modeling Tool for Digital Libraries,” Department of Computer Science MS thesis. Blacksburg: Virginia Tech, [5] NDLTD, Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations. available at [6] CC2001, “Computing Curricula 2001: Computer Science (IEEE Computer Society and Association for Computing Machinery Joint Task Force on Computing Curricula),” Journal on Educational Resources in Computing (JERIC), vol. 1, [7] CC2001, “Computing Curricula 2001 (Web Site),” vol. 2004: ACM and IEEE-CS, [8] R. Shen, "Applying the 5S Framework To Integrating Digital Libraries", Computer Science Doctoral Dissertation. Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Tech, April 2005, 127 pages,

Informal 5S & DL Definitions DLs are complex systems that help satisfy info needs of users (societies) provide info services (scenarios) organize info in usable ways (structures) present info in usable ways (spaces) communicate info with users (streams)

5S Examples

Services Taxonomy

5S Framework Developed at Digital Library Research Laboratory (DLRL, Virginia Tech ) Strong foundation for DL module development –Intuitive as well as formal definitions Base ideas named with five S’s - streams, structures, spaces, scenarios, societies Key aspects of DLs precisely defined using one or more of the Ss Set of metamodels for classes of DLs: minimal, archeological (ETANA), practical, European DL, …

Digital Object Repository Collection Minimal DL Metadata Catalog Descriptive Metadata Specification A Minimal DL in the 5S Framework Structural Metadata Specification StreamsStructuresSpacesScenariosSocieties indexing browsing searching services hypertext Structured Stream

5S Meta Model 5SGraph DL Expert DL Designer 5SL DL Model 5SLGen Practitioner Researcher Tailored DL Services Teacher c omponent pool ODLSearch, ODLBrowse, ODLRate, ODLReview, ……. Requirements (1) Analysis (2) Implementation (4) Design (3) 5SGraph5SGen Mapping Tool 5SSuite

5SGraph Workspace (instance model) Structured toolbox (metamodel)

Outline Hypotheses Digital libraries 5S (Societies, Scenarios, Spaces, Structures, and Streams) Archaeology Computing Dissertations Summary and Conclusions

ETANA-DL Archaeological DL Integrated DL –Heterogeneous data handling Applies and extends the OAI-PMH –Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Handling Design considerations –Componentized –Extensible –Portable

ETANA-DL Website

Marking – writing notes for a specific user Marking Items

Marked Items Display Sender, Date, Object OAI ID Sender Comments Options: View Record, Add record to Items Of Interest, Re-mark item (Redirect), Unmark item (Remove item from list)

Discussions Page Discussions about an object View/Post messages, create new threads

Recommendations Items recommended on the basis of similar interests

ETANA-DL Searching Service Search

ETANA-DL Multi-dimensional Browsing 3 new sites 2 new types of artifacts

ETANA-DL Visual Browsing Service Visual Browse By site

Visual Browsing Nimrin: Topographical Drawings Full siteNorth west quadrant Square: N40/W20

Visual Browsing Nimrin : Square information Square: N40/W20 Locus: 86 Loci layout

Visual Browsing Nimrin : locus sheet

Visual Browsing Bab edh-Dhra' Cemetery Pottery # 25

Visual Browsing Bab edh-Dhra' Cemetery Pottery # 25

StreamsStructuresSpacesScenariosSocieties indexing browsing searching services hypertext Structured Stream Descriptive Metadata specification SpaTemOrg StraDia Arch Descriptive Metadata specification ArchDO ArchObj ArchColl Arch Metadata catalog ArchDColl ArchDR Minimal ArchDL A Minimal ArchDL in the 5S Framework

5SGraph 5S Archaeology MetaModel ArchDL Expert ArchDL Designer ETANA-DL Union Services Descriptions Harvesting Mapping Searching Browsing … Scenario Sub-model VN Metadata Format ETANA-DL Metadata Format HD Metadata Format Mapping Tool Wrapper4VNWrapper4HD Inverted Files Services DB Index Browse Service Search Service Browse DB Other ETANA-DL Services Web Interface XOAI VN Catalog HD Catalog Union Catalog 5SGen Component Pool Browsing …

ETANA Societies 1.Historic and pre-historic societies (being studied) 2.Archaeologists (in academic institutes, fieldwork settings, or local and national governmental bodies) 3.Project directors 4.Technical staff (consisting of photographers, technical illustrators, and their assistants) 5.Field staff (responsible for the actual work of excavation) 6.Camp staff (e.g., camp managers, registrars, tool stewards) 7.General public (e.g., educators, learners, citizens)

ETANA Societies Social issues 1.Who owns the finds? 2.Where should they be preserved? 3.What nationality and ethnicity do they represent? 4.Who has publication rights? 5.What interactions took place between those at the site studied, and others? What theories are proposed by whom about this?

ETANA Scenarios 1.Life in the site in former times 2.Digital recording: the planning stage and the excavation stage 3.Planning stage: remote sensing, fieldwalking, field surveys, building surveys, consulting historical and other documentary sources, and managing the sites and monuments 4.Excavation 1.Detailed information is recorded, including for each layer of soil, and for features such as pole holes, pits, and ditches. 2.Data about each artifact is recorded together with information about its exact find spot. 3.Numerous environmental and other samples are taken for laboratory analysis, and the location and purpose of each is carefully recorded. 4.Large numbers of photographs are taken, both general views of the progress of excavation and detailed shots showing the contexts of finds. 5.Organization and storage of material 6.Analysis and hypotheses generation and testing 7.Publications, museum displays 8.Information services for the general public

ETANA Spaces 1.Geographic distribution of found artifacts 2.Temporal dimension (as inferred by archaeologists) 3.Metric or vector spaces 1.used to support retrieval operations, and to calculate distance (and similarity) 2.used to browse / constrain searches spatially 4.3D models of the past, used to reconstruct and visualize archaeological ruins 5.2D interfaces for human-computer interaction

ETANA Structures 1.Site Organization 1.Region, site, partition, sub-partition, locus, … 2.Temporal orderings (ages, periods) 3.Taxonomies 1.for bones, seeds, building materials, … 4.Stratigraphic relationships 1.above, beneath, coexistent

ETANA Streams 1.successive photos and drawings of excavation sites, loci, unearthed artifacts 2.audio and video recordings of excavation activities and discussions 3.textual reports 4.3D models used to reconstruct and visualize archaeological ruins.

Outline Hypotheses Digital libraries 5S (Societies, Scenarios, Spaces, Structures, and Streams) Archaeology Computing Dissertations Summary and Conclusions

Computing CSTC Knowledge Units -> CC2001 CITIDEL NSDL DL Curriculum Development

CS -> CSTC NSF and ACM Education Committee funded a 2 year project “A Computer Science Teaching Center” - CSTC - College of NJ, U. Ill. Springfield, Virginia Tech Focus initially on labs, visualization, multimedia Multimedia part supported by a 2nd grant to Virginia Tech and The George Washington University (with curricular guidelines)

CS Teaching Center (CSTC) Instead of building large, expensive multimedia packages, that become obsolete and are difficult to re-use, concentrate on small knowledge units. Learners benefit from having well-crafted modules that have been reviewed and tested. Use digital libraries to build a powerful base of support for learners, upon which a variety of courses, self-study tutorials & reference resources can be built. ACM support led to Journal of Educational Resources in Computing (JERIC): completed 2 co-EIC terms

CC2001 Information Management Areas IM1. Information models and systems* IM8. Distributed DBs IM2. Database systems*IM9. Physical DB design IM3. Data modeling*IM10. Data mining IM4. Relational DBsIM11. Information storage and retrieval IM5. Database query languagesIM12. Hypertext and hypermedia IM6. Relational DB designIM13. Multimedia information & systems IM7. Transaction processingIM14. Digital libraries

CITIDEL: Computing & Information Technology Interactive Digital Education Library

Cluster Search Results from CITIDEL

CITIDEL -> NSDL A collection project in the National STEM (science, technolgy, engineering, and mathematics) education Digital Library – NSDL National Science Digital Library (Next slides courtesy Lee Zia, NSF)

Connects: Users: students, educators, life-long learners Content: structured learning materials; large real-time or archived datasets; audio, images, animations; primary sources; digital learning objects (e.g. applets); interactive (virtual, remote) laboratories;... Tools: search; refer; validate; integrate; create; customize; publish; share; notify; collaborate;...

Supports: Users Content Tools (profiles) (metadata) (protocols) Learning communities Customizable collections Application services

Enables: Environments for Communication Collaboration Creation Validation Evaluation Recognition... Discovery Stability Reliability Reusability Interoperability Customizability... of Resources AND

NSDL Information Architecture Essentially as developed by the Technical Infrastructure Workgroup referenced items & collections referenced items & collections Special Databases NSDL Services NSDL Services Other NSDL Services CI Services annotation CI Services discussion CI Services personalization CI Services authentication CI Services browsing Core Services: information retrieval Core Collection- Building Services harvesting Core Collection- Building Services protocols Core Services: metadata gathering Portals & Clients Portals & Clients Portals & Clients Usage Enhancement Collection Building User Interfaces NSDL Collections NSDL Collections NSDL Collections Core NSDL “Bus”

DL Curriculum Development Project Collaborative Research launched by: - Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech - School of Information and Library Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Three year ( ) funded project

Project Teams/NSF Grant Project Team at VT (IIS ): –PI: Dr. Edward A. Fox –GRA: Seungwon Yang Project Team at UNC-CH (IIS ): –Co-PI: Dr. Barbara Wildemuth –Co-PI: Dr. Jeffrey Pomerantz –GRA: Sanghee Oh

DL Topics in 19 Modules (original)

Taxonomy of DL Educational Resources

Outline Hypotheses Digital libraries 5S (Societies, Scenarios, Spaces, Structures, and Streams) Archaeology Computing Dissertations Summary and Conclusions

Dissertations Leveraging to reach next generation of researchers, educators, leaders Testbed, demonstration, case study Good place to start since is easy, inexpensive, beneficial, and can be extended to lead to other beneficial activities Active work in Germany since ~1996

The Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations Leader of the Worldwide ETD (Electronic Thesis and Dissertation) Initiative Training Authors Expanding Access Preserving Knowledge Improving Graduate Education Enhancing Scholarly Communication Empowering Students & Universities

Some Countries Argentina Australia Belgium Brazil Canada Chile China, Hong Kong Columbia Finland France Germany Greece India Italy Jamaica Korea Lithuania Malaysia Mexico Namibia Netherlands Namibia Netherlands Norway Peru Poland Russia Singapore S. Africa S. Korea Spain Sudan Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Thailand Turkey UK Ukraine United Arab Emirates USA Venezuela Yugoslavia

NDLTD Member Support Annual conference (…, Germany, …, Sweden, UK) ETD-L – listserv for discussion Union catalog Services for access: VT, OCLC, VTLS, Scirus, Google Scholar, … Information for ETD projects –Standards, documentation (Guide, Marcel Dekker book) Advocacy for ETD activities worldwide …

Outline Hypotheses Digital libraries 5S (Societies, Scenarios, Spaces, Structures, and Streams) Archaeology Computing Dissertations Summary and Conclusions

1)Digital libraries (DLs) can be the cornerstone for e-learning with educational resources, facilitating collaborative development, distribution, and re-use. 2)To properly develop such DLs, it is important to consider 5 key aspects (5S). 3)These 5Ss facilitate DL: design, implementation, and formalization.

Selected Links - CITIDEL (computing education resources) – DL curriculum ETANA-DL (archaeological DL) – etana.dlib.vt.edu NDLTD (electronic theses and dissertations worldwide) – and etdguide.org NSDL (National Science Digital Library) – OAI (Open Archives Initiative) – Virginia Tech Digital Library Research Laboratory (DLRL,