Spaceborne Observations of the Polar Regions during IPY The IPY provides an international framework for understanding high-latitude climate change and predicting world wide impacts. Spaceborne technology offers unique capabilities for obtaining essential data for predictive models. IPY era spaceborne instrumentation represents a technological leap beyond the capabilities of the IGY

Global Inter-agency IPY Polar Snapshot Year (GIIPSY) GIIPSY aims to facilitate: Use of current and soon to be launched earth observing satellites to develop broad spectral, medium and high resolution snapshots of the polar regions. Use of the snapshots as gauges for assessing the impacts of past and future high latitude environmental changes. Establishment of technical and programmatic infrastructure for sustaining international observations beyond IPY.

GIIPSY Science Goals Understand the polar ice sheets sufficiently to predict their contribution to global sea level rise Understand sea ice sufficiently to predict its response to and influence on global climate change and biological processes  Measure how much water is stored as seasonal snow and its variability.  Understand glaciers and ice caps in the context of hydrologic and biologic systems and their contributions to global sea level rise.  Understand the interactions between the changing polar atmosphere and the changes in sea ice, glacial ice, snow extent, and surface melting.  Understand the spatial distribution of permafrost, its interactions with other systems or processes, and predict its response to climate change.  Improve understanding, observing and modeling capabilities of lake and river ice and its influence on energy, water and biochemical cycling, and aquatic ecosystems.

Aircraft and in-situ Sounders and GPR Systems DMSP IceSat ADM-Aeolus Accomplishing the IPY Snapshot METOP GOCE GRACE SPOT-4 HRVIR / VGT SMOS f PALSAR PRISM / AVNIR-2 Aqua & Terra H ERS-2 ALOS RADARSAT Envisat ASAR MERIS / A-ATSR MODIS / ASTER AMSR-E ASCAT AVHRR SSMI

IPY science goals can be realized through collaboration on the end-to-end system of: Sensors and Spacecraft Acquisition Planning Receiving Ground Stations Processing Facilities Calibration and Validation Historical data sets The End to End System Additionally, plans should include suborbital campaigns where there may be a need to tie interrupted spaceborne observations (e.g. ERS-2 to IceSAT to Envisat RA2) that bracket the IPY period. To include Svalbard and Antarctic Stations

New Technical Innovation The IPY is a scientific endeavour. Yet it is likely that the IPY investigations will also identify new technical requirements and approaches. A recommendation to the flight agencies is to seed the most promising ideas so as to prepare for next generation observations. GISMO/CReSIS: Build an instrument to image Greenland and Antarctica as they would appear were the ice sheets stripped away

GIIPSY Strategy Specify data requirements (IGOS, IPY-SCOBS) Identify requirements satisfied through the routine operations (eg MODIS, MERIS) For routine observations, work with flight agencies to assure that data are available/archived in standardized fashion Identify requirements that can only be satisfied by non-routine tasking, processing and distribution (eg SAR, InSAR, high resolution optical). Work with the flight agencies to acquire non-routine data so as to distribute the operational load. Following selection of projects through the national A.O.’s, identify whether any legacy data sets are absent from the acquisition plans.

GIIPSY Vision Acquire key legacy data sets necessary to understand the changing polar environment. Examples include: –First, pole to coast measurement of Antarctic Ice Sheet surface velocity; –Annual, basin-scale measurements of Arctic sea ice motion; –First, circumpolar, fine resolution measurements of Antarctic sea ice kinematics –High spatial resolution measurements of polar glacier elevation; –Pan-Arctic view of lake and river ice break-up dynamics; –Infrastructure and programs for continuing observations into the future.

GIIPSY Plans and Accomplishments ESA IPY Data A.O. CSA RADARSAT-1 archive access U.S. NASA and NSF funds for ALOS processing GIIPSY Data Requirements Document GIIPSY meeting, 2006 Fall AGU WMO sponsored meeting of international flight agencies, January, 2007

GIIPSY Information www-bprc.mps.ohio-state.edu/rsl/GIIPSY European IPY Launch Event (ESF-EPB) Feb. 26, European Parliament, Strasbourg Contact: M. Drinkwater GIIPSY Team Meeting EGU, Vienna, April 2007 Contact: K. Farness Upcoming GIIPSY Events

GIIPSY Participants Robin BellLamont Doherty Earth Observatory Ian AllisonAustralian Antarctic Division Barry GoodisonEnvironment Canada Roger BarryNational Snow and Ice Data Centre Chris RapleyBritish Antarctic Survey Irena HajnsekDLR Prasad GogineniUniversity of Kansas Fumihiko NishioChiba University Vicky LytleDirector CliC IPO Jeff KeyUniversity of Wisconsin Wen JiahongShanghai Normal University John CooperNASA GSFC Katy FarnessThe Ohio State University Costas ArmenakisNRCan Flavio ParmiggianiISAC CNR John CrawfordJet Propulsion Laboratory Helen FrickerScripps Institute of Oceanography Mark ParsonsNational Snow and Ice Data Centre Vijay K. AgarwalSpace Applications Centre (ISRO) National Snow and Ice Data CentreTed Scambos Yonsei UniversityHong Gyoo Sohn USA CRRELDon Perovich The Ohio State UniversityJason Box University College LondonDuncan Wingham Technical University of DenmarkPreben Gudmandsen Norsk Polar InstituteJack Kohler NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterJay Zwally University of BristolJonathan Bamber NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterWaleed Abdalati Texas A&M UniversityHong Xing Liu Scripps Institute of OceanographyBernard Minster Goddard Space Flight CenterRobert Bindschadler Alaska Satellite FacilityNettie LaBelle-Hamer University of WashingtonHarry Stern Vexcel CorporationJohn Curlander Jet Propulsion LaboratoryBen Holt University of UtahRick Forster Canadian Ice ServiceDean Flett Canadian Space AgencyPaul Briand

GIIPSY Participants Satyendra_BhandariSpace Applications Centre (ISRO) Chris ElferingNational Academies Sheldon DrobotUniversity of Colorado E DongchenWuhan University Chunxia ZhouWuhan University David LongBrigham Young University Stein SandvenNansen Centre (NERSC) Charles RandellPolarView Consortium (C-CORE) Pablo Clemente-ColonNational Ice Centre Joerg HaarpaintnerNORUT Dirk GeudtnerCanadian Space Agency Mike DemuthNatural Resources Canada Ola GrabakEuropean Space Agency-ESRIN Jeff KargelUS Geological Survey Andrew FlemmingBritish Antarctic Survey Guoping LiChina National Space Administration Surendra ParasharCanadian Space Agency Rune SolbergNorwegian Computing Center Dave BarberU. Manitoba Rene ForsbergDanish National Space Centre Jeanne SauberGSFC Helmut RottUniversity of Innsbruck Ron KwokJPL Andrew FlemmingBAS Anne WalkerMet. Canada Dorothy HallGSFC Niels ReehDanish Tech. Univ. Mark DrinkwaterESA ESTEC (GIIPSY co-lead) Kenneth JezekOhio State University (GIIPSY co-lead) Ian JoughinUniv. Washington Leif Toudal PedersenDanish Technical University Robert ThomasE.G.&G Jinro UkitaChiba University, Japan Frank PaulUniversity of Zurich Soren AndersenDanish Meteorological Institute Valery VuglinskySt. Petersburg State University Jerry BrownInternational Permafrost Association Claude DuguayUniversity of Waterloo, Canada Victor ZlotnickiJPL Roger DeAbreuCanadian Ice Service

GIIPSY Participants JPLEric Rignot NOAAPablo Clemente-Colon USGSEd Josberg NSFMartin Jeffries KoreaJ. Kim U. New HampshireMark Fahnestock ESAEinar_Arne Herland ESAHenri Laur Canadian Ice ServiceDouglas Bancroft U. ManitobaDave Barber Canadian Ice ServiceDean Flett NOAAStan Wilson

Observation Requirements: Ice Sheets Geophysical VariableIntermediate Product Observation Interval Spatial ScaleInstrument TypeWavelengthSpecial requirement Potential System TemperatureIR RadiancesSeasonalEntire Ice Sheet Thermal IR ImagerThermal IR1 KMODIS A-ATSR Ice sheet maps, Coastline, grounding line Shear margins Moderate resolution images SeasonalEntire Ice Sheet Visible ImagerVisible bands200 mMODIS MERIS Ice Mass ChangeGravity Anomaly and Gradients SeasonalEntire Ice Sheet Potential Field SensorN/AGRACE GOCE Surface Temperature; Surface melt; Accumulation rate Passive Microwave Radiances DailyEntire Ice Sheet Scanning Microwave radiometers L-Ka bandAMSR-E SSMI SMOS Surface Albedo Snow grain size Visible and IR Reflectance SeasonalEntire Ice Sheet Visible/Thermal IR ImagerVisible & SWIR bands Cloud maskingMODIS MERIS Surface Elevation and Topography Signal Travel TimeSeasonalEntire Ice Sheet Laser and Radar Altimeters; InSAR Microwave to optical 10 cm accuracy on elevation change ICESat Envisat RA-2 CryoSat TanDEM X Coastline, grounding line, Crevasses High Resolution Imagery 5 year repeatEntire Ice Sheet SAR Optical Imager L, C, XMinimize acquisition duration, <25 m Radarsat-2 ALOS ICEsat Envisat ASAR TerraSAR-X Landsat ASTER RISAT Surface Velocity Accumulation rate Complex SAR image pair 5 year repeatEntire Ice Sheet InSARC, (L, X?)Minimize acquisition; maximize coherence Radarsat-2 TerraSAR-X TandDEM-X RISAT Surface VelocityComplex SAR image pair SeasonalFast GlaciersInSARC, (L,X?)Maximize coherence Radarsat-2 TerraSAR-X Envisat ASAR TanDEM-X ALOS PALSAR RISAT

Observation Requirements: Sea Ice Geophysical Variable Intermediate Product Observation Interval Spatial ScaleInstrument TypeWavelengthSpecial requirement Potential System Ice Extent Concentration Ice Type/Age Melt Onset Microwave Radiance Radar backscatter DaillyArctic ocean and marginal seas; Southern Ocean Microwave Radiometer L-Ka bandAMSR-E SSMI QuikScat ASCAT SMOS Oceansat-2 (Scatt) Surface Temperature IR RadianceDaily“”IR Imager`IRMODIS AVHRR A-ATSR Ice Motion Surface Albedo High and Moderate Resolution Images Daily“”SAR and Optical Images L, C, X band Optical MODIS AVHRR RADARSAT-2 Envisat ASAR ALOS TerraSAR-X RISAT Leads and ridge distribution; Melt pond coverage High Resolution Imagery Daily“”SAR amd OpticalL, C, X bandSPOT LandSAT ASTER Envisat TerraSAR-X Radarsat-2 ALOS RISAT Snow Cover Thickness Microwave Radiance Daily“”Microwave Radiometer C-Ka Band25 km`AMSR-E SSM/I Sea ice biologyVisible imagery Dailry“”Ocean color imagerOpticalOceansat-2 OCM MODIS Ice thickness from freeboard Signal travel Time Daily“”Laser and Radar Altimeters ICESat Cryosat

Observation Requirements: High Latitude Seasonal Snow Cover Geophysical Variable Intermediate Product Observation Interval Spatial ScaleInstrument TypeWavelengthSpecial requirement Potential System Snow Extent Snow Thickness SWE Microwave and optical radiance DailyArctic WideMicrowave Radiometer, Visible & IR Imager MODIS AMSR-E SSMI SMOS Surface Temperature IR RadianceDailyArctic WideIR RadiometerThermal IRMODIS A-ATSR Snow ThicknessRangeSeasonalArctic WideLaser AltimeterVisibleICESat Surface AlbedoOptical reflectance SeasonalArctic WideVisible imagerVisible and IRCloud masking MERIS A-ATSR MODIS SPOT VGT

Observational Requirements: Glaciers and Ice Caps Geophysical Variable Intermediate Product Observation Interval Spatial ScaleInstrument TypeWavelengthSpecial requirement Potential System TemperatureIR RadiancesSeasonalCanadian Arctic; Alaska; Svalbard; Iceland; Eurasian Arctic Thermal IR Imager Thermal IR1 KMODIS Surface maps, Glacier margins, Calving snout Moderate resolution images Seasonal“”Visible ImagerVisible bands200 mMODIS LandSAT ASTER Surface Temperature; Surface melt; Accumulation rate Passive Microwave Radiances Daily“”Scanning Microwave radiometers L-Ka bandLarger ice caps only AMSR-E SSMI SMOS Surface TopograpySignal travel time Seasonal“”Laser and Radar Altimeters; InSAR Microwave to optcal 10 cm accuracy ICESat CryoSAT TanDEM X Crevasses; velocity from feature retracking Complex SAR image pairs 5 year repeat“”SAR Multispectral imager L, C, X, opticalMinimize acquisition period, <25 m Radarsat-2 ALOS Envisat TerraSAR-X SPOT ASTER RISAT Surface VelocityComplex SAR image pairs Seasonal“”InSARC, (L,X?)Maximize coherence Radarsat-2 TerraSAR-X Envisat ALOS RiSAT

Observation Requirements: Ice and Atmosphere Geophysical Variable Intermediate Product Observation Interval Spatial ScaleInstrument TypeWavelengthSpecial requirement Potential System Surface melt Clouds Microwave and Optical Radiance DailyBoth Polar Regions Microwave Radiometer L-Ka BandAMSR-E SSMI SMOS AVHRR MODIS TOVS AIRS Precipitation/ Acccumulation Microwave IR and optiocal Radiance Microwave backscatter Daily “”Microwave and optical Radiometer Scatterometer L-Ka band Visible AMSR-E AVHRR NSCAT AMSU-A AMSU-b Snow Fall Amount Optical Imager Daily“”Optical ImagerVisibleMODIS AlbedoVisible and IR Radiance Daily“”Optical and IR Imager VisibleMODIS A-ATSR Wind profilesOptical backscatter DailyBoth Polar Regions Doppler LIDARVisibleADM-Aeolus Tropospheric Wind Cloud tracking Optical radiances DailyBoth Polar Regions Optical ImagerMODIS

Anticipated Requirements on Future Systems Some Examples Geophysical Variable Intermediate Product Observation Interval Spatial Scale Possible Instrument Type Possible Wavelength Special requirement Potential System Ice Sheet Thickness and basal conditions Signal travel time 5 yearsIce SheetRadarP-band20 m accuracy GISMO Glacier Thickness Signal travel time 5 yearsArctic Glaciers RadarP-band20 m accuracy GISMO Sea ice snow cover thickness Signal travel time WeeklyIce covered waters RadarUltrawide band5 cm accuracy TBD Englacial LayersSignal travel time 5 YearsGlaciers and Ice Sheets RadarUltrawide bandFew metersTBD Permafrost type and extent TBDSeasonalArctic WideTBD Ice MotionSAR SLCAnnual to 5 year Polar wideSARC (L,X)8 day repeat or shorter, 200 m baselines or less, L/R look TBD Geophysical Variable Intermediate Product Observation Interval Spatial Scale Possible Instrument Type Possible Wavelength Special requirement Potential System Lake Ice Thickness 6-10 GHz Brightness Temp SeasonalLarge LakesRadiometer6-10 GHzAMSR Ice Sheet internal temperature Microwave radiance AnnualIce sheet wide Radiometer as sounder L-band10 m accuracySMOS Anticipated New Applications of Existing Systems