The Diverse World of First-Century Judaism Chapter 3 The Diverse World of First-Century Judaism

Key Topics/Themes The diversity of first-century Judaism Common beliefs of first-century Jews © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Three Worlds of the New Testament Era Scriptures and Traditions of Judaism Culture of Greece Political Power of Rome © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

The One God, Yahweh The Shema The divine name The Jewish deity’s name in the New Testament © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

The Torah The Mosaic Covenant The purity laws Views of Hebrew Bible authors concerning applicability of Mosaic Covenant Views of New Testament authors concerning applicability of Mosaic Covenant © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

The Divine Promises The promise to Abraham The Hebrew monarchy Attitudes toward the divine promises after the fall of the Hebrew monarchy © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

The Jerusalem Temple History of the Jerusalem Temple Significance of the Temple for devout Jews The Day of Atonement © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

First-Century Jewish Diversity © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

The Sadducees Origins of the Sadducees The Sadducees and the Romans Characteristic beliefs of the Sadducees © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

The Pharisees Antagonism toward the Pharisees in the Gospels Strict Torah observance Hillel and Shammai Relationship between the views of Jesus and the Pharisees Gamaliel © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

The Academy of Jamnia (Yavneh) The leadership of Yohanan ben Zakkai The development of Judaism at Jamnia © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

The Samaritans The origin of the Samaritans Hostility between Samaritans and Jews Relationships between Samaritans and early Christianity © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

The Essenes and the Dead Sea Scrolls Discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls The Essenes © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

The Qumran Community Origins of the Qumran community Beliefs of the Qumran Essenes © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Qumran Community (continued) Contents of the Qumran library (Dead Sea Scrolls) Books of the Hebrew Bible Pseudepigraphical books Commentaries on biblical books Community documents Essenes and the New Testament © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

The Zealots Origins of the Zealot movement The role of the Zealots in the Jewish Revolt of 66 CE © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

The Messiah: First-century Expectations Jesus’ failure to meet Jewish messianic expectations Early Christian attempts to counter Jewish skepticism about Jesus’ messiahship © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Messiah (continued) The Royal Covenant of King David Origins of Messiah theology in reigns of Davidic kings Historical end of the Davidic dynasty Israel’s hopes for a new Davidic king Scriptural promises of a new dynasty The Messiah as political leader © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Messianic Claimants Before and After Jesus Judas the Galilean The Zealots and the Sicarii Simon bar Giora Simon bar Kochba © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Portrayal of the Messiah in Psalm of Solomon 17 See, Lord, and raise up for them [Israel] their king, the son of David [italics added] to rule over your servant Israel in the time known to you, O God. . . . There will be no unrighteousness among them in his days, for all shall be holy, and their king shall be the Lord Messiah [italics added]. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

A Revisionist View of the Messiah The incompleteness of Jesus’ earthly mission The necessity of Jesus’ return as supernatural king © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Summary The New Testament Jesus explained using variety of Jewish traditions: Anointed monarch in tradition of David Lawgiver and prophet like Moses Suffering servant Heavenly sacrifice and eternal priest Image of the invisible God Christ (mashiah) as Jesus’ name, not a title only © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.