Organization of the Human Body Chapter 1 Organization of the Human Body
Studies of the Human Body Anatomy – The study of body structure Physiology – The study of how the body functions Pathology – The study of disease
Levels of Organization All living things are organized from very simple levels to more complex levels 1- Living matter begins with simple chemicals 2- Chemicals form complex substances that create living cells – the basic units of all life 3- Specialized groups of cells form tissues 4- Tissues may function together as organs 5- Organs function together to form organ systems
Body Systems 1- Integumentary System (Skin) Includes hair, nails, sweat & oil glands 2- Skeletal System 206 bones Basic framework of the body 3- Muscular System Skeletal Smooth Cardiac
Body Systems cont., 4- Nervous System Brain & spinal cord 5- Endocrine System Glands & hormones 6- Circulatory System Heart & blood vessels 7- Respiratory System Lungs Takes in air & conducts it to areas designed for gas exchange
Body Systems cont2., 8 – Digestive System Food intake & conversion into substances that body cells can use 9- Urinary/Excretory System Kidneys, ureters, bladder & urethra Rids the body of waste products & excess water 10- Reproductive System - External sex organs & all related internal structures
Homeostasis – The steady state within Examples: Blood Pressure Heart Rate Temperature
Metabolism – Life sustaining reactions that go on within the body Catabolism Complex substances are broken down into simpler compounds Anabolism Building phase of metabolism Simpler compounds are used to manufacture materials needed for growth, function & repair of tissues
Body Directions Anatomic Position Upright with face front, arms at sides with palms forward & feet parallel
Directional Terms Superior – Above Inferior – Below Ventral (Anterior) – Toward the front Dorsal (Posterior) – Near the back Cranial – Near the head Caudal – Near the sacral region Medial – Towards the center of the body Lateral – Away from the center or mid-line Proximal – Nearer to Distal – Further away
Planes of Division 1- Sagittal Plane Separates the body into right & left planes 2- Frontal Plane (Coronal) Separates the body into front (anterior) & rear (posterior) planes 3- Transverse Plane (Horizontal) Separates the body into upper & lower portions ** These planes help us to visualize spatial relations of various body structures to each other
Body Cavities Two main cavities: 1- Dorsal – contains Cranial & Spinal Cavities 2- Ventral – contains 2 main regions separated by the diaphragm muscle Thoracic Cavity: contains: heart & lungs B) Abdomino-Pelvic Cavity: - contains: stomach, intestines, kidneys, liver, gall bladder, pancreas & spleen
Metric System Kilo – 1000 Centi – 1/100 Milli – 1/1000 Micro – 1/1,000,000
Units of Length Basic unit of length is the Meter One Kilometer = 1000 Meters One Centimeter = 1/100 of a Meter One Hundred Centimeters = 1 Meter
** Drug doses are usually stated in Grams or Milligrams Units of Weight Basic unit is the Gram One kilogram = 2.2 Pounds ** Drug doses are usually stated in Grams or Milligrams
Unit of Volume Unit of Temperature Basic unit of volume is the Liter Basic unit of temperature is Celsius