for Commercial and Industrial Applications Natural Gas System Design for Commercial and Industrial Applications March 16th 2006 www.piedmontng.com

Agenda: Supply – From the Wellhead to the Meter Properties of Natural Gas Service Fuel Piping Materials Pipe Sizing Pressure Regulation Venting IFGC Code Updates

Supply From the Wellhead to the Meter

What Is Natural Gas? Combustible hydrocarbon gasses Primarily methane (CH4) Found in underground and undersea reservoirs – sometimes with crude oil wells Result of long-time bacterial decomposition of plant and animal matter

Natural Gas Advantages North American resource Abundant worldwide Wellhead Deregulated Low impact underground infrastructure

Natural Gas Accounts for Roughly One-Fourth of U.S. Primary Energy Consumption

Sources of U.S. Gas Supply Canada 15% Liquified Natural Gas 1% U.S. 84%

The Impact of Severe Weather

Commodity Price Volatility

Natural Gas Drilling Activity Responds to Market Price

Major Portions of the Gas Resource Base are Not Accessible 346 TCF 21 TCF 31 TCF 40% 100% 100% 43 TCF Restricted Percentage 56% Approximately 29 trillion cubic feet (TCF) of the Rockies gas resources are closed to development and 108 TCF are available with restrictions.

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Vapor is refrigerated to – 260 degrees Fahrenheit into a liquid form. Reduces volume 600 times Freighted to a LNG port and injected as a vapor back into the supply system. Existing World LNG infrastructure moves about 6 Tcf/Year (40 Terminals and 128 ships mainly serving Japan, South Korea and Europe)

Natural Gas Transportation System Distribution Mains (Lines) Producing Wells Natural Gas Transportation System Transmission Lines Gathering Lines Processing Plant Compressor Stations LNG or Propane/Air Plant Underground Storage City Gate (Regulators/Meters) Large Volume Customer Regulator/Meter Residential Customers Distribution Mains (Lines) Commercial Customer

Gas Market Sectors Residential 25% Commercial 15% Industrial 35% Power Generation 25%

Piedmont Natural Gas

Properties of Natural Gas Natural gas is 96% Methane gas - CH4 Also contains small percentages of: Ethane 2.1% Propane <1% Butane <1% Pentane <1% Hexane <1% Heptane <1%

Properties of Natural Gas Flammability range Requires between 4% - 14.% natural gas in air for combustion. Less than 4% not enough fuel (Too Lean) More than 14% too much fuel (Too Rich) Peak burn is a 10% gas to air ratio

Properties of Natural Gas Ignition Temperature Above 1100º - 1200º Pilot Lights Sparks Cigarettes Static Electricity

Properties of Natural Gas Lighter than air, always rises Air has a specific gravity of 1.0 Natural gas has a specific gravity of 0.6 Propane 1.54 Specific gravity is the weight of a substance compared to the weight of some referenced substance.

Propane Butane Natural Gas (Methane) Chemical Formula C3H8 C4H10 CH4 Specific Gravity (Liquid) .509 .582 .3 Specific Gravity (Vapor) 1.52 2.01 .60 -.64 Weight Per Gallon 4.24 LBS. 4.84 LBS. LNG 4 +/- LBS. Boiling Point (Atmospheric) - 44° F 31° F -260° F Ignition Temperature 950° – 1050° 900° - 1000° 1100° - 1200° Maximum Flame Temperature 3595° F 3615° F 3400° F * Flammability Limits (Upper) 9.60 % 8.60 % 15 % * Flammability Limits (Lower) 2.15 % 1.55 % 4 % Ideal Combustion Ratio (Air to Gas) 24 to 1 31 to 1 10 to 1 Heat Value Per Cubic Foot (Vapor) 2,516 BTU 3,280 BTU 1,035 BTU Heat Value Per Pound (Liquid) 21,591 BTU 21,221 BTU 20,833 BTU

Properties of Natural Gas Natural gas is: Odorless Colorless Non-Toxic Only through the displacement of oxygen can it pose an asphyxia hazard Non-Poisonous

Properties of Natural Gas Add Mercaptan as an odorant to aid in leak detection. Requirements: Non-poisonous Non-corrosive Has to be retained by the gas Has to burn completely Not absorbed by pipe or containers No harmful products from combustion ½ lb.per million cubic feet of natural gas

Properties of Natural Gas Environmentally friendly Blue flame indicates proper & complete combustion By-products of complete combustion Carbon Dioxide Water Vapor Both are the same substances produced when you exhale.     

Properties of Natural Gas Incomplete combustion of produces a yellow/orange flame. Carbon Monoxide (CH) is a product of incomplete combustion, which is: Toxic Poisonous Explosive

Delivery of Natural Gas Service

Service Tap on Gas Main Saddle Fusion Joint

Service Tracer Wire

Natural Gas Service Customer Piping starts at meter outlet

Standard Delivery Pressures 7 inches Water Column (0.25Psi) 2 Pounds per Square Inch 5 Pounds per Square Inch Elevated delivery pressures require equipment requirement documentation and engineering approval. Not allowed to reduce pipe size.

Why designing with Natural Gas is good for everyone Facts Virtually all electric power plants built in the US in the last 10 years are fueled with Natural Gas Natural Gas power plants are expected to supply 90% of added electric loads in the US for the next 20 years

Delivering Energy to the Site Electricity Delivered To Customer 100% 92% 28% 28% 91 % Natural Gas 100% 92% 0% 1% Extraction, Processing, & Transportation Losses In Ground Conversion Losses Distribution Losses

Natural Gas Power Plant Consumption Natural Gas Power Plants often can consume as much natural gas on and hourly basis as an entire metropolitan city’s direct connected gas load Wonder why Gas Prices have been volatile lately?

What can we do to conserve our Natural Resource? Design with Natural Gas !

When you Drink the Water Remember the Spring Chinese Proverb