Chapter 7 Sections 5-8 (not used 2008 Applying Population Ecology: The Human Population

Urbanization and Urban Growth Urban and rural populations Urban and rural populations Rural migration to urban areas Rural migration to urban areas Megacities and megalopolises Megacities and megalopolises Poverty and shantytowns Poverty and shantytowns Patterns of urbanization Patterns of urbanization

Fig. 7-13, p. 141 Los Angeles 13.3 million 14.5 million Mexico City 18.3 million 20.4 million Sao Paulo 18.3 million 21.2 million Buenos Aires 12.1 million 13.2 million New York 16.8 million 17.9 million Cairo 10.5 million 11.5 million Lagos 12.2 million 24.4 million Mumbai (Bombay) 16.5 million 22.6 million Karachi 10.4 million 16.2 million Dhaka 13.2 million 22.8 million Calcutta 13.3 million 16.7 million Jakarta 11.4 million 17.3 million Beijing 10.8 million 11.7 million Tokyo 26.5 million 27.2 million Shanghai 12.8 million 13.6 million Osaka 11.0 million Manila 10.1 million 11.5 million Major Urban Areas of the World Delhi 13.0 million 20.9 million

Fig. 7-14, p. 141 Megalopolises of Bowash and Chipitts

US Urbanization Initial migration to large central cities Initial migration to large central cities Later migration from large cities to suburbs Later migration from large cities to suburbs Migration from north and east to south and west Migration from north and east to south and west Recent migration back to rural areas Recent migration back to rural areas Advantages and disadvantages of US urban areas Advantages and disadvantages of US urban areas

Major Urban Areas of the US Fig. 7-15, p. 142

Urban Sprawl Fig. 7-16, p

Fig. 7-17a, p. 144 Some Undesirable Effects of Urban Sprawl

Fig. 7-17b, p. 144 Human Health and Aesthetics Contaminated drinking water and air Noise pollution Sky illumination at night Traffic congestion Weight gain Some Undesirable Effects of Urban Sprawl

Fig. 7-17c, p. 144 Water Increased runoff Increased surface water and groundwater pollution Increased use of surface water and groundwater Decreased storage of surface water and groundwater Increased flooding Decreased natural sewage treatment Some Undesirable Effects of Urban Sprawl

SF Bay region growth animation Animation

Advantages of Urbanization (especially in Developed Countries) Jobs Jobs Education Education Better access to health care Better access to health care Some environmental advantages Some environmental advantages Biodiversity may be preserved in some rural areas Biodiversity may be preserved in some rural areas

Disadvantages of Urbanization Resource use and waste Resource use and waste Reduction in vegetation Reduction in vegetation Water supply problems and flooding Water supply problems and flooding Don’t grow food Don’t grow food Air, noise and water pollution Air, noise and water pollution Disease, poverty, crime and accidents Disease, poverty, crime and accidents Microclimates: Urban heat islands Microclimates: Urban heat islands

© 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson Fig. 7-18, p. 145 InputsOutputs Energy Food Water Raw materials Manufactured goods Money Information Solid wastes Waste heat Air pollutants Water pollutants Greenhouse gases Manufactured goods Noise Wealth Ideas Urban Areas as Open Systems

© 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson Fig. 7-19, p. 146 Noise Levels (in dbA) Permanent damage begins after 8-hour exposure Normal breathing Whisper Quiet rural area Quiet room Rainfall Normal conversation Vacuum cleaner Average factory Lawn mower Chain saw Rock music Thunderclap (nearby) Earphones at loud level Air raid siren Boom cars Military rifle Urban Areas as Open Systems

Extreme Poverty in Urban Areas Fig. 7-20, p. 146

Plight of Urban Poor in Developing Countries Squatter settlements (shantytowns) Squatter settlements (shantytowns) Poor housing and homelessness Poor housing and homelessness Poor sanitation and little clean water- Fecal Snow!!! Poor sanitation and little clean water- Fecal Snow!!! Lack of electricity and roads Lack of electricity and roads Pollution and other hazards Pollution and other hazards Governments often destroy illegal settlements Governments often destroy illegal settlements Unemployment Unemployment Overcrowding Overcrowding Lack of educational and medical facilities Lack of educational and medical facilities Crime Crime Disease Disease Mexico City Mexico City

Transportation and Urban Development Compact and dispersed cities Compact and dispersed cities Personal automobiles Personal automobiles Motor vehicles in the US Motor vehicles in the US Advantages and disadvantages of motor vehicles Advantages and disadvantages of motor vehicles Reduction of motor vehicle use Reduction of motor vehicle use Alternatives to motor vehicles Alternatives to motor vehicles

Fig. 7-21, p. 149 AdvantagesDisadvantages Affordable Produce no pollution Quiet Require little parking space Easy to maneuver in traffic Take few resources to make Very energy efficient Provide exercise Little protection in an accident Do not protect riders from bad weather Not practical for trips longer than 8 kilometers (5 miles) Can be tiring (except for electric bicycles) Lack of secure bike parking Bicycles Trade-Offs Tradeoffs of Bicycles

Fig. 7-22, p. 149 Advantages Disadvantages More energy efficient than cars Produce less air pollution than cars Require less land than roads and parking areas for cars Cause fewer injuries and deaths than cars Reduce car congestion in cities Expensive to build and maintain Cost effective only along a densely populated narrow corridor Commit riders to Transportation schedules Can cause noise and vibration for nearby residents Mass Transit Rail Trade-Offs Tradeoffs of Mass Transit Rail

Fig. 7-23, p. 150 AdvantagesDisadvantages More flexible than rail system Can be rerouted as needed Cost less to develop and maintain than heavy-rail system Can greatly reduce car use and pollution Can lose money because they need low fares to attract riders Often get caught in traffic unless operating in express lanes Commit riders to transportation schedules Noisy Buses Trade-Offs Tradeoffs of Buses

Fig. 7-24, p. 150 Advantages Disadvantages Can reduce travel by car or plane Ideal for trips of 200–1,000 kilometers (120–620 miles) Much more energy efficient per rider over the same distance than a car or plane Expensive to run and maintain Must operate along heavily used routes to be profitable Cause noise and vibration for nearby residents Rapid Rail Trade-Offs Tradeoffs of Rapid Rail

Making Urban Areas More Livable and Sustainable Land-use planning (Smart Growth) Land-use planning (Smart Growth) Walkability Walkability Environmental sustainability Environmental sustainability Smart transportation Smart transportation Ecocities Ecocities Reduce pollution and waste Reduce pollution and waste Protect biodiversity Protect biodiversity Curitiba, Brazil Curitiba, Brazil

Limits and Regulations Limit building permits Urban growth boundaries Green belts around cities Public review of new dvlmt Zoning Encourage mixed use Concentrate development along mass transportation routes Promote high-density cluster housing developments Planning Ecological land-use planning Environmental impact analysis Integrated regional planning State and national planning Protection Preserve existing open space Buy new open space Buy development rights that prohibit certain types of development on land parcels Taxes Tax land, not buildings Tax land on value of actual use (such as forest and agriculture) instead of highest value as developed land Tax Breaks For owners agreeing legally to not allow certain types of development (conservation easements) For cleaning up and developing abandoned urban sites (brownfields) Revitalization and New Growth Revitalize existing towns and cities Build well-planned new towns and villages within cities Smart Growth Tools Solutions Fig. 7-25, p. 151 Smart Growth

Fig. 7-26, p. 152 WorkersInterdistrictDirectFeederExpress City center Bus System of Curitiba, Brazil City center