Political Science and International Relations Development, mission, structures and activities of the EU in the area of security Operační program Vzdělávání pro konkurenceschopnost Název projektu: Inovace magisterského studijního programu Fakulty ekonomiky a managementu Registrační číslo projektu: CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.0326

Aim of the presentation To introduce basic facts and genesis of the European military and security cooperation To outline main trends of security and military integration within the EU To provide basic information about the structures and activities tied with the European Security and Defence Policy

Beginning of the military cooperation Reasons for postwar military-political cooperation: Fears of Germany (Dunkerque agreement, 1947) Fears of expansion of the Soviet Union Strengthening position on the continent (France) Cooperation in stabilization of post-war Europe

Brusels Treaty Established: Reasons: Members: 17th March 1948 Reasons: Concerns about the expansion of the sphere of influence of the Soviet Union (Finland, Czechoslovakia) Members: The UK, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg There is a loose military organization of Western European countries, which mission is to provide mutual assistance in case of attack

Brussels Treaty Article V. of the Brussels Treaty: If any of the High Contracting Parties should be the object of an armed attack in Europe, the other High Contracting Parties will, in accordance with the provisions of Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, afford the Party so attacked all military and other aid and assistance in their power.

European Defence Community Established: 27.5.1952, however failed - not ratified by France Reasons: Changing of the security climate and the high risk of conventional conflict in Europe Members: The UK, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Germany, Italy Mission: Mutual assistance in the event of an attack and controlled remilitarisation of Germany Idea of European (multinational) armed forces

Western European Union 23.10.1954 – 30.6.2011 Reasons: Substitute for the aborted project of the European Defence Community Members: The UK, France, Low countries, Germany, Italy Mission: Mutual assistance in the event of an attack and controlled remilitarisation of Germany Organizations with limited capacity to act - completely in the shadow of NATO By the end of the 80s almost stagnant and formal political organization

Changes after the end of the Cold War Western European Union: Partial activation and launching limited missions abroad (Persian Gulf, Yugoslavia) European Union: Maastricht Treaty (1990,1993) – definition of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) Objectives: Safeguard the common values, fundamental interests, independence and integrity of the EU - strengthen the security of the Union in all ways; Preserve peace and strengthen international security; Promote international co-operation, develop and consolidate democracy and the rule of law, and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.

CFSP Reasons: The growing power of the EU as an actor in international politics The inability of a joint EU action even in very close area (Yugoslavia) The emancipation on the US after the end of the Cold War Seaking the mutual position of NATO, WEU and the EU

Petersberg tasks WEU missions formulated in Petersberg (1992): Humanitarian and rescue tasks Peacekeeping tasks Tasks of combat forces in crisis management, including peacemaking Petersberg tasks are complementary to the mission of NATO The gradual acceptance of the WEU mission and structures by the European Union

Petersberg tasks - examples 1993 - Sharp Guard 1993 - Danube Operation 1994 - 1996 - police contingent in Mostar 1997 - 2001 PM Albania 1999 - 2001 Demining Assistance Mission to Croatia

Acceleration of CFSP and ESDP 1997 - Amsterodam Treaty 1998 - Saint Malo Decisions on the need to promote military capabilities 1999 - Javier Solana - European Union's High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy 1999 - European Headline Goal (Helsinki) 2000 - Civil Protection and Crisis Management in the European Union

Acceleration of CFSP and ESDP 2003 - first EU external police and military missions (EU PM BiH, Concordia, Artemis) 2003 - European security strategy adopted 2004 - Headline Goal 2010 adopted 2004 - European Defence Agency was founded 2004 - the Concept of EU Battlegroups approved

European Headline Goal (2003) The European Union pledged itself during the Helsinki summit to be able to deploy rapidly and then sustain forces capable of the full range of Petersberg tasks (as set out in the Amsterdam Treaty), including the most demanding, in operations up to corps level (up to 15 brigades or 50,000-60,000 persons) to be capable of intervening in any crisis that could occur in an area where European interests are affected. The aim was to make those forces self-reliant, deployable within 60 days and over 4,000 km, and sustainable in the field for a year. This means the force would actually have to number around 180,000 troops so as to provide rotating replacements for the initial forces.

European Capability Action Plan - ECAP During the December 2001 Laeken summit, the EU launched the European Capabilities Action Plan (ECAP) to remedy European capability shortfalls It involved initially some 20 panels composed of military experts from the member states which put forward plans and proposals to fill the identified shortfalls (e.g., by acquiring new equipment or optimising existing capabilities, in particular through cooperation at European level)

European Defence Agency The European Defence Agency (EDA) is an agency of the European Union (EU) based in Brussels, Belgium Set up on 12 July 2004, it is a Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) body reporting to the Council of the European Union Its primary role is to foster European defence cooperation

EU Battlegroups An EU Battlegroup (EUBG) is a military unit adhering to the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) of the European Union (EU) Often based on contributions from a coalition of member states, each of the eighteen Battlegroups consists of a battalion-sized force (1,500 troops) reinforced with combat support elements The groups rotate actively, so that two are ready for deployment at all times - the forces are under the direct control of the Council of the European Union The Battlegroups reached full operational capacity on 1 January 2007, although, as of January 2014 they were not deployed yet They are based on existing ad hoc missions that the European Union (EU) has undertaken and has been described by some as a new "standing army" for Europe

CFSP and ESDP bodies PSC EUMC The Political and Security Committee, PSC (sometimes referred to by its French COPS acronym derived from Comité politique et de sécurité) is a permanent body within the European Union dealing with Common Foreign and Security Policy issues, including Common Security and Defence Policy EUMC The European Union Military Committee (EUMC) is a department of military officials under the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and the Political and Security Committee (PSC) of the European Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy. The EUMC gives military advice to the PSC and the High Representative. It also oversees the European Union Military Staff

CFSP and ESDP bodies EUMS The European Union Military Staff (EUMS) is a department of the European Union (EU), responsible for supervising operations within the realm of the Common Security and Defence Policy It is directly attached to the private office of the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, currently Catherine Ashton, and is formally part of the European External Action Service

The most important missions of the EU EUPM (1.1.2003) Concordia (31.3.-15.12.2003) Artemis (2003) Althea (2004-) EUPOL COPPS (2006-) EUPOL Afghanistan (2007-) EULEX Kosovo (2008-) EUFOR Tchad/RCA (2008-2009) EUMM Georgia (2008-) EUNAVFOR Atalanta (2008-), etc.

European Union and NATO NATO remains (so far) the primary cornerstone of the collective defence in Europe EU fulfills complementary tasks of the NATO mission only In 1998, at the NATO summit, Albright articulated what would become known as the „three Ds" of NATO, "which is no diminution of NATO, no discrimination and no duplication—because I think that we don't need any of those three "Ds" to happen.“ The Berlin Plus agreement - a comprehensive package of agreements made between NATO and the EU on 16 December 2002 These agreements were based on conclusions of NATO's 1999 Washington summit, sometimes referred to as the CJTF mechanism, and allowed the EU to draw on some of NATO's military assets in its own peacekeeping operations

Catherine Ashton Herman Van Rompuy

Lisbon Treaty Article 42, chapter 2: Article 42, chapter 7: The common security and defence policy shall include the progressive framing of a common Union defence policy. This will lead to a common defence, when the European Council, acting unanimously, so decides. It shall in that case recommend to the Member States the adoption of such a decision in accordance with their respective constitutional requirements. Article 42, chapter 7: If a Member State is the victim of armed aggression on its territory, the other Member States shall have towards it an obligation of aid and assistance by all the means in their power, in accordance with Article 51 of the United Nations Charter. This shall not prejudice the specific character of the security and defence policy of certain Member States.

Political Science and International Relations Development, mission, structures and activities of the EU in the area of security Operační program Vzdělávání pro konkurenceschopnost Název projektu: Inovace magisterského studijního programu Fakulty ekonomiky a managementu Registrační číslo projektu: CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.0326