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Define! Producer: Consumer: Autotroph: Heterotroph: Food Chain: Food Web: Trophic Level: Predator Prey

Energy is transferred in ecosystems: Producers give E to Consumers Food chains show flow of energy (arrows  show where energy is going) Trophic level  a single step in the food chain A step in the transfer of energy and matter in an ecosystem Primary Producers (green plants, algae, and some types of bacteria) AUTOTROPHS  make their OWN food Use Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis to change inorganic chemicals into molecules that they use for ENERGY!!! Plants and bacteria Consumers HETEROTROPHS  must eat different things to get their E…canNOT make their own GLUCOSE Primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers Herbivores: eat plants (Brine shrimp, zooplankton, mullets) Omnivores: eat plants and animals (piranhas, sea bass) Carnivores: eat other animals (sharks, seals, tuna) Detritivores: eat organic plants and animal matter (sea stars, crabs) Decomposers: get energy from decaying DEAD organic matter (bacteria, marine worms, seaweed, shrimp, and sea urchins)

Trophic Levels Each link in a food chain is known as a trophic level. Trophic levels represent a feeding step in the transfer of energy and matter. in a

Food chain- simple model that shows how matter and energy move through an ecosystem

Food web- shows all possible feeding relationships in a community at each trophic level Represents a network of interconnected food chains

Predatory starfish eating a mussel

 large numbers of fish of the same species and approximately the same size.  ‘school’

 The formation of a shoal has a number of advantages to the fish, including: 1.increased hydrodynamic efficiency – fish may save energy by swimming together in a coordinated way 2.avoidance of predation – large shoals of fish may confuse a predator; also, with so many eyes, it is more likely that a predator will be seen 3.increased foraging efficiency – the time taken to find food is decreased 4.reproductive advantage – there is an increased chance of finding a mate within a shoal than there is for an individual fish Both tuna and sardines form shoals. When threatened by predators, sardines can form massive ‘bait balls’ consisting of many hundreds of thousand individuals.

Range of tolerance to a physical factor – in this case, temperature – for a population of organisms. Physical and Biological Environmental Factors Affect Communities

Growth Rate and Carrying Capacity Are Limited by Environmental Resistance The J-shaped curve of population growth of a species is converted to an S-shaped curve when the population encounters environmental resistance. The physical or biological conditions responsible for the cessation of growth are called LIMITING FACTORS

Population Density and Distribution Depend on Community Conditions A random distribution implies that the position of one organism in a bottom community in no way influences the position of other organisms in the same community. Clumped distribution occurs when conditions for growth are optimal in small areas because of physical protection (in cracks in an intertidal rock), nutrient concentration (near a dead body lying on the bottom), initial dispersal (near the position of a parent), or social interaction. (MOST COMMON IN NATURE) Uniform distribution with equal space between individuals, such as the arrangement of trees we see in orchards, is the rarest natural pattern of all.

Symbiosis is the close interaction of the lives of two species: Corals and Zooxanthellae (photosynthetic algae) Cleaner fish and grouper Chemosynthetic bacteria and tube worms SYMBIOSIS Organisms in Communities Can Exist in SYMBIOSIS What are some types of symbiotic interactions?

–Mutualism – both organisms benefit in these relationships. An example is sea anemones and anemone fish. –Commensalism – one organism benefits, the other is not helped or harmed.

Parasitism – one of the organism benefits (parasite), but the other is harmed (host). Obtain their nutrients from their host Ecotoparasites: live on the outside of their host. Ex: fish lice Endoparasites: live inside their host, inside the digestive system, attached to their gills, or within muscle tissue. Ex: Nematodes also known as roundworms

Marine communities change through time. Changes can occur slowly due to climate cycles or seafloor spreading, or quickly due to factors such as volcanic eruption. A climax community is a stable, long established community. If a climax community is disrupted, it may be restored through the process of succession.

Primary Succession Succession on land that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists Volcanic eruptions Glaciers melting

Secondary Succession Succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil Natural hurricane fires Human disturbances Farming Forest clearing Pollution (oil spills)

Succession also occurs around hydrothermal vents in the deep oceans: 1.first organisms to grow around a vent are…bacteria, which are followed by small crustaceans, molluscs, crabs and fish. 2.Eventually, a complex community consisting of many different species is established. 3.One of the first animal species to inhabit the area around a hydrothermal vent is the tube worm, Tevnia. 4.This species is replaced by the larger and faster growing tube worm Riftia. Tube worms form symbiotic relationships with chemosynthetic bacteria, which provide organic substances directly to the tissues of the tube worms.

Rocky Intertidal Communities Are Densely Populated despite Environmental Rigors Although the rocky shore looks like a very difficult place for organisms to make a living, the rocky intertidal zone - the band between the highest high-tide and lowest low-tide marks on a rocky shore - is one of Earth’s most densely populated areas. A Pacific coast tide pool and intertidal shore. (left) A diagrammatic view. (right) Key

The relationship between amount of exposure and vertical zonation in a rocky intertidal community. (a) A graph showing intertidal height versus hours of exposure. The 0.0 point on the graph, the tidal datum, is the height of mean lower low water. (b) Vertical zonation, showing four distinct zones. The uppermost zone (I) is darkened by lichens and cyanobacteria; the middle zone (II) is dominated by a dark band of the red alga Endocladia; the low zone (III) contains mussels and gooseneck barnacles; and the bottom zone (IV) is home to sea stars (Pisaster) and anemones (Anthopleura). The bands in the photograph correspond approximately to the heights shown in the graph. Rocky Intertidal Communities Are Densely Populated despite Environmental Rigors

Coral Reefs Are the Most Densely Populated and Diverse Communities The coral reef habitat. (a) A diagrammatic view. (b) Key

Hydrothermal Vents and Cold Seeps Support Diverse Communities The path of water associated with a hydrothermal vent. Seawater enters the fractured seabed near an active spreading center and percolates downward, where it comes into contact with rocks heated by a nearby magma chamber. The warmed water expands and rises in a convection current. As it rises, the hot water dissolves minerals from the surrounding fresh basalt. When the water shoots from a weak spot in the seabed, some of these minerals condense to form a “chimney” up to 20 meters (66 feet) high and 1 meter (3.3 feet) in diameter. As the vented water cools, metal sulfides precipitate out and form a sedimentary layer down-current from the vent. Bacteria in the sediment, in the surrounding water, and within specialized organisms make use of the hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) in the water to bind carbon into glucose by chemosynthesis. This chemosynthesis forms the base of the food chains of vent organisms.

Bottom current Chimney Precipitation CaSO 4 FeS Seawater seepage Basalt 350ºC (660ºF) 350ºC (660ºF) Basalt Precipitation FeS, FeS 2, CuFeS 2 H 2 S in water Sedimentation Precipitation FeO(OH) MnO 2 Stepped Art Fig , p. 453