Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1 Chapter 2 Early Societies in Southeast Asia and the Indo-European Migrations

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 2 Civilization Defined Urban Political/military system Social stratification Economic specialization Religion Communications “Higher Culture”

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 3 Civilization and the Means of Production Essential element: concentration of wealth  Agriculture  Control over natural resources  Development of ancient civilization not hunter-gatherer economics

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 4 Origins and Spread of Agriculture

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 5 Mesopotamia “Between the Rivers”  Tigris and Euphrates Contemporary Iran, Iraq Cultural continuum of “fertile crescent”

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 6 The Wealth of the Rivers Nutrient-rich silt Key: irrigation  Necessity of coordinated efforts  Promoted development of local governments  City-states Sumer begins small-scale irrigation 6000 BCE By 5000 BCE, complex irrigation networks  Population reaches 100,000 by 3000 BCE Attracts Semitic migrants, influences culture

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 7 Sumerian City-States Cities appear 4000 BCE Dominate region from BCE  Ur (home of Abraham, see Genesis 11:28), Nineveh (see Jonah) Ziggurat home of the god Divine mandate to Kings Regulation of Trade Defence from nomadic marauders

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 8 The Ziggurat of Ur

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 9 Political Decline of Sumer Semitic peoples from northern Mesopotamia overshadow Sumer  Sargon of Akkad ( BCE) Destroyed Sumerian city-states one by one, created empire based in Akkad Empire unable to maintain chronic rebellions Hammurabi of Babylon ( BCE)  Improved taxation, legislation  Used local governors to maintain control of city-states Babylonian Empire later destroyed by Hittites from Anatolia, c BCE

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 10 Legal System The Code of Hammurabi (18 th c. BCE)  282 items  lex talionis (item 196: “eye for an eye”)  Social status and punishment  women as property, but some rights

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 11 Later Mesopotamian Empires Weakening of central rule an invitation to foreign invaders Assyrians use new iron weaponry  Beginning 1300 BCE, by 8 th -7 th centuries BCE control Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, most of Egypt Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon (r ) takes advantage of internal dissent to create Chaldean (New Babylonian) Empire  Famously luxurious capital

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 12 Mesopotamian Empires BCE

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 13 Technological Development in Mesopotamia Bronze (copper with tin), c BCE  Military, agricultural applications Iron, c BCE  Cheaper than bronze Wheel, boats, c BCE Shipbuilding increases trade networks

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 14 Social Classes Ruling classes based often on military prowess  Originally elected, later hereditary  Perceived as offspring of gods Religious classes  Role: intervention with gods to ensure fertility, safety  Considerable landholdings, other economic activities Free commoners  Peasant cultivators  Some urban professionals Slaves  Prisoners of war, convicted criminals, debtors

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 15 Patriarchal Society Men as landowners, relationship to status Patriarchy: “rule of the father” Right to sell wives, children Double standard of sexual morality Women drowned for adultery Relaxed sexual mores for men Yet some possibilities of social mobility for women Court advisers, temple priestesses, economic activity Introduction of the veil at least c BCE

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 16 Development of Writing Sumerian writing systems form 3500 BCE Pictographs Cuneiform: “wedge-shaped”  Preservation of documents on clay  Declines from 400 BCE with spread of Greek alphabetic script

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 17 Uses for Writing Trade Astronomy Mathematics  Agricultural applications Calculation of time  12-month year  24-hour day, 60-minute hour

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 Mesopotamian Literature Epic of Gilgamesh, compiled after 2000 BCE Heroic saga Search for meaning, esp. afterlife This-worldly emphasis

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 19 The Early Hebrews Patriarchs and Matriarchs from Babylon, c BCE Parallels between early biblical texts, Code of Hammurabi Early settlement of Canaan (Israel), c BCE  Biblical text: slavery in Egypt, divine redemption On-going conflict with indigenous populations under King David ( BCE) and Solomon ( BCE)

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 20 Moses and Monotheism Hebrews shared polytheistic beliefs of other Mesopotamian civilizations Moses introduces monotheism, belief in single god  Denies existence of competing parallel deities  Personal god: reward and punishment for conformity with revealed law  The Torah (“the teaching”)

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 21 Foreign conquests of Israel Civil war  Northern tribes: Israel  Southern: Judah Assyrian conquest, 722 BCE  Exiles Israel: ten lost tribes Babylonian conquest, 586 BCE  Additional exile of many residents of Judah  Returned later than century

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 22 Israel and Phoenicia, BCE

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 23 The Phoenicians City-states along Mediterranean coast after 3000 BCE Extensive maritime trade  Dominated Mediterranean trade, BCE Development of alphabet symbols  Simpler alternative to cuneiform  Spread of literacy

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 24 Indo-European Migrations Common roots of many languages of Europe, southwest Asia, India Implies influence of a single Indo-European people  Probable original homeland: contemporary Ukraine and Russia, BCE Domestication of horses, use of Sumerian weaponry allowed them to spread widely

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 25 The Indo-European Migrations

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 26 Implications of Indo-European Migration Hittities migrate to central Anatolia, c BCE, later dominate Babylonia Influence on trade  Horses, chariots with spoked wheels, use of Iron  Iron  Migrations to western China, Greece, Italy also significant Influence on language and culture  Aryo, “noble, lord” Aryan, Iranian, Irish Caste system in India