PERIOD 1 Ancient Period 8000 BCE to 600 CE

Self-actualization (self-knowledge, fulfillment of personal potential) Esteem (autonomy, achievement, recognition) Social (belonging, affection) Safety (security, protection from harm) Physiological (Hunger, thirst, shelter) Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Paleolithic to Neolithic Paleolithic Age Paleolithic Age Humans had spread around globe Humans had spread around globe Humans were hunter-gatherers Humans were hunter-gatherers Life style could not support large numbers Life style could not support large numbers Man makes tools of stone, bone Man makes tools of stone, bone Began around 9,000 BCE Began around 9,000 BCE Rise of agriculture Rise of agriculture Culture becomes increasingly complex Culture becomes increasingly complex

RISE OF NEOLITHIC Areas where Neolithic cultures arose Areas where Neolithic cultures arose Harsh environments Harsh environments Water shortages Water shortages Few reliable sources of foodstuffs Few reliable sources of foodstuffs Causes of the Neolithic Revolution Causes of the Neolithic Revolution Development, spread of agriculture Development, spread of agriculture Domestication of animals Domestication of animals Improvement of technology Improvement of technology

We begin at about 8,000 BC when village life began in the New Stone Age... Also known as the Neolithic Revolution. NEW STONE AGE

A TOTALLY new way of living: From Hunter-Gatherers to Agriculture

ASPECTS OF NEOLITHIC AGE Effects of Neolithic Age Effects of Neolithic Age Sedentary culture develops Sedentary culture develops Surplus of food leads to increased populations Surplus of food leads to increased populations Rise of differentiated occupations Rise of differentiated occupations Complex cultures Complex cultures Gender relations change Gender relations change Humans begin to change environment Humans begin to change environment Communicable diseases become common Communicable diseases become common

PALEOLITHIC vs. NEOLITHIC Many resist sedentarism Many resist sedentarism Pastoralists Pastoralists Hunter-Gatherers survive until 20 th century Hunter-Gatherers survive until 20 th century Development uneven across regions Development uneven across regions Change often slow Change often slow Indigenous development vs. diffusion Indigenous development vs. diffusion

INVENTION OF AGRICULTURE Mesopotamians first to engage in agriculture Mesopotamians first to engage in agriculture Around 8000 BC Around 8000 BC Cereal crops Cereal crops Wheat Wheat Barley Barley Herd animals Herd animals Sheep Sheep Goats Goats

Human/Environmental interaction Tools and weapons Tools and weapons Social and political organization Social and political organization Homes Homes Lake houses in Switzerland Lake houses in Switzerland Long houses along Danube Long houses along Danube Stone huts in Britain Stone huts in Britain Reed lean-tos in Egypt Reed lean-tos in Egypt Clay brick huts in Middle East Clay brick huts in Middle East Broad language groups appeared Broad language groups appeared

POSSESSIONS Needs of agriculture and stability Clay pottery Woven baskets Woolen and linen clothing Sophisticated tools and weapons Plow

RESULTS OF AGRICULTURE Required intensification of group organization Required intensification of group organization Neolithic farmers lived in settlements Neolithic farmers lived in settlements Ranged from 150 (Jarmo) to 2000 (Jericho) Ranged from 150 (Jarmo) to 2000 (Jericho)

OUTSIDE CONTACTS Neolithic communities had links Neolithic communities had links Walls indicate some fearful Walls indicate some fearful Others were more peaceful Others were more peaceful Jericho

Origins and Spread of Agriculture

What does it mean to be civilized? 18th Century European 18th Century European Civilized vs. primitive Civilized vs. primitive White vs. everyone else White vs. everyone else Historians have determined 6 characteristics of civilization: Historians have determined 6 characteristics of civilization: Cities Cities Organized central governments Organized central governments Complex religions Complex religions Social classes Social classes Job specialization and the arts Job specialization and the arts Writing Writing

CIVILIZATION’S 1 ST PHASE Civilizations arose in few areas, spread out Civilizations arose in few areas, spread out Often arose around control of water Often arose around control of water Called “hydraulic” (Hydro = water) civilizations Called “hydraulic” (Hydro = water) civilizations Irrigation, flood control at center of power, changes Irrigation, flood control at center of power, changes Ancient period lasts generally to 1000 BCE Ancient period lasts generally to 1000 BCE

UNIQUENESS OF CIVILIZATION Civilization was not simply next inevitable step from Neolithic Age Civilization was not simply next inevitable step from Neolithic Age Many peoples remained at simple food- raising stage for thousands of years— without developing any sort of civilization Many peoples remained at simple food- raising stage for thousands of years— without developing any sort of civilization Only four locations developed civilizations entirely on their own Only four locations developed civilizations entirely on their own China China Indus River Valley Indus River Valley Mesopotamia/Egypt Mesopotamia/Egypt Central America and Peru Central America and Peru

Ancient River Valley Civilizations

Early River Valley Civilizations Flooding of Tigris and Euphrates unpredictable No natural barriers Limited natural resources for making tools or buildings Environment Mesopotamia Egypt Indus River Valley China Flooding of the Nile predictable Nile an easy transportation link between Egypt’s villages Deserts were natural barriers Indus flooding unpredictable Monsoon winds Mountains, deserts were natural barriers Huang He flooding unpredictable Mountains, deserts natural barriers Geographically isolated from other ancient civilizations Mountains and ocean natural barriers Warm temperatures and moderate rainfall Geographically isolated from other ancient civilizations Mesoamerica & Andes

THE CULTURE OF CIVILIZATION Permanent Institutions Permanent Institutions Religious: Theocracies, priesthoods, polytheism Religious: Theocracies, priesthoods, polytheism Political: Monarchy, aristocracy, militaries Political: Monarchy, aristocracy, militaries Social: Rise of classes Social: Rise of classes Gender: Patriarchy Gender: Patriarchy Trade and Commerce Trade and Commerce Systems of Record Keeping Systems of Record Keeping Intellectual Traditions Intellectual Traditions Arts, Architecture Arts, Architecture Literatures Literatures

WIDER CONTACTS Each civilization had particular patterns Each civilization had particular patterns Effects of Geography Effects of Geography Either facilitated, hindered communication Either facilitated, hindered communication Strengthened, weakened local culture Strengthened, weakened local culture Contacts Contacts War, Trade, Diseases War, Trade, Diseases Nomads Nomads Migration Migration

Mesopotamia – Fertile Crescent Sumer – The Earliest of the River Valley Civilizations Sumer – The Earliest of the River Valley Civilizations Sumerian Civilization grew up along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in what is now Kuwait. Sumerian Civilization grew up along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in what is now Kuwait.

Sumerians invented: Cuneiform Cuneiform Wheel Wheel Base 60 – using the circle degrees Base 60 – using the circle degrees Time – 60 minutes in an hour, 60 seconds in a minute Time – 60 minutes in an hour, 60 seconds in a minute 12 month lunar calendar 12 month lunar calendar Brick technology Brick technology arch arch ramp ramp ziggurat ziggurat

Babylon First know written law code First know written law code “Rule of Law” “Rule of Law” Hammurabi’s Code BC Hammurabi’s Code BC

Code of Hammurabi 8. If any one steal cattle or sheep, or an ass, or a pig or a goat, if it belong to a god or to the court, the thief shall pay thirtyfold for them; if they belonged to a freed man of the king he shall pay tenfold; if the thief has nothing with which to pay he shall be put to death. 8. If any one steal cattle or sheep, or an ass, or a pig or a goat, if it belong to a god or to the court, the thief shall pay thirtyfold for them; if they belonged to a freed man of the king he shall pay tenfold; if the thief has nothing with which to pay he shall be put to death. 22. If any one is committing a robbery and is caught, then he shall be put to death. 22. If any one is committing a robbery and is caught, then he shall be put to death. 25. If fire break out in a house, and some one who comes to put it out cast his eye upon the property of the owner of the house, and take the property of the master of the house, he shall be thrown into that self- same fire. 25. If fire break out in a house, and some one who comes to put it out cast his eye upon the property of the owner of the house, and take the property of the master of the house, he shall be thrown into that self- same fire If a man's wife be surprised with another man, both shall be tied and thrown into the water, but the husband may pardon his wife and the king his slaves If a man's wife be surprised with another man, both shall be tied and thrown into the water, but the husband may pardon his wife and the king his slaves If a man wish to separate from his wife who has borne him children: then he shall give that wife her dowry, and a part of the fruit of the field, garden, and property, so that she can rear her children. When she has brought up her children, a portion of all that is given to the children, equal as that of one son, shall be given to her. She may then marry the man of her heart If a man wish to separate from his wife who has borne him children: then he shall give that wife her dowry, and a part of the fruit of the field, garden, and property, so that she can rear her children. When she has brought up her children, a portion of all that is given to the children, equal as that of one son, shall be given to her. She may then marry the man of her heart.

EGYPT “The Gift of the Nile” EGYPT “The Gift of the Nile” Nile River Sahara Desert Hieroglyphics Hieroglyphics Pyramids Pyramids Geometry Geometry Advances in medicine and surgery Advances in medicine and surgery

Indus River Valley 2500 BC – 1500 BC Harappan culture Harappan culture Well planned cities Well planned cities Grid pattern Grid pattern Modern plumbing Modern plumbing Built on mud brick platforms Built on mud brick platforms Protected against seasonal floods Protected against seasonal floods Larger cities Larger cities Houses built of baked brick Houses built of baked brick Smaller towns Smaller towns Houses built of sun-dried mud brick Houses built of sun-dried mud brick

Aryan Migration  pastoral  depended on their cattle  warriors  horse-drawn chariots

Shang China 1600 BC – 1027 BC Yellow River Valley Yellow River Valley Advanced culture Advanced culture Religion Religion Astronomy Astronomy Calendar Calendar Medicine Medicine Bronze, jade, stone, bone and ceramic artifacts Bronze, jade, stone, bone and ceramic artifacts Lack of contact with foreigners led to belief in: Lack of contact with foreigners led to belief in: Strong sense of identity Strong sense of identity Superiority Superiority Center of earth Center of earth Sole source of civilization Sole source of civilization

Zhou China 1122 BC – 256 BC Bronze, jade, silver, gold Bronze, jade, silver, gold Mandate of Heaven Mandate of Heaven Power to rule came from heaven Power to rule came from heaven Power could be removed if ruler not just Power could be removed if ruler not just Veneration of ancestors Veneration of ancestors All must honor family responsibilities All must honor family responsibilities Period ended with Era of Warring States Period ended with Era of Warring States

Mesoamerica and Andean South America 2900 BC – 1400 BC Mesoamerica Mesoamerica Maize, chili peppers, avocados, beans Maize, chili peppers, avocados, beans Pottery Pottery Stone bowls Stone bowls Beads Beads Waddle and daub structures Waddle and daub structures No draft animals No draft animals

Mesoamerica and Andean South America 3500 BC – 1400 BC Andes Andes Textiles technology Textiles technology Sophisticated government Sophisticated government Religion Religion Lacked ceramics Lacked ceramics Largely without art Largely without art Most impressive achievement was monumental architecture Most impressive achievement was monumental architecture Large platform mounds Large platform mounds Sunken circular plazas Sunken circular plazas