CRITICAL FACTORS IN DETERMINING THE ANTIGENIC COMPOSITION OF A VACCINE

A. Its capacity to induce a protective response: -direct antibodies against external Antigen -direct both B and T cell response T cell important for intracellular parasites

B. Strain variations: Single vs. multiple antigens – Flu would be multiple antigens, And changes with time

2. OTHER FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN GIVING VACCINATIONS:

A. ROUTE -oral, intramuscular, intravenous Ex. Salk vaccine – inactive, intra- Muscular. Confers protection to Brain, spinal cord, does not pro- Tect the intestines against polio Virus and does not therefore Prevent dissemination of virus.

Sabin vaccine – live attenuated, Oral – protects intestines as well As brain and spinal cord, and does Prevent dissemination of virus

B. TIMING: - in advance of potential exposure autumn for flu prior to schooling for early childhood diseases

C. CONDITION OF THE PATIENT -age, genetic makeup, infection, -Pregnancy, immunosuppressive -State Ex. – if pregnant, no live agents

D. POTENTIAL RISKS -probability of exposure Ex. – health care workers and Hepatitis B, postal workers and anthrax

ACTIVE VS. PASSIVE VACCINATION

1. LIVE UNATTENUATED MEANS LIVE, BUT NOT WEAKENED CLOSELY RESEMBLES ACTUAL INFECTION PROBLEM WITH FINDING SUCH AN ORGANISM

EXAMPLES – HOG CHOLERA, SMALLPOX

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2. LIVE ATTENUATED MEANS LIVE BUT WEAKENED ATTENUATED THROUGH COLD-ADAPTATION, BY GROWING IN UNNATURAL HOST

EXAMPLES: MEASLES, MUMPS, RUBELLA, POLIO (SABIN), TUBERCULOSIS

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3. INACTIVATED A POLITE WORD FOR DEAD USING HEAT, FORMALDEHYDE, METHANOL, RADIATION

EXAMPLES: CHOLERA, PERTUSSIS, PLAGUE, INFLUENZA, POLIO (SALK)

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Which of the three vaccines Needs to be the most Concentrated? Why? Live unattenuated Live attenuated Inactivated

Which of the three vaccines Would require booster(s)? Why? Live unattenuated Live attenuated Inactivated

4. TOXOIDS PREPARED TO PROTECT AGAINST BACTERIAL EXOTOXINS

PREPARED BY HEATING IN FORMALIN PRECIPITATING WITH ALUM ALUM SERVES AS AN ADJUVANT

EXAMPLES: DIPHTHERIA TETANUS

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5. SUBUNIT MADE FROM A PIECE OR PART OF THE WHOLE THROUGH BIOCHEMICAL PURIFICATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING

EXAMPLES: INFLUENZA, HEPATITIS B, H. INFLUENZAE PNEUMOCOCCUS MENINGOCOCCUS

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6. INFECTIOUS AGENTS AS CARRIERS OF GENES FOR ANTIGEN PRODUCTION GENES CODING FOR THE DESIRED EPITOPE ARE INSERTED INTO A BENIGN CARRIER – A VIRUS, BACTERIA OR YEAST

EXAMPLES: HEPATITIS B MALARIA

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7. SYNTHETIC VACCINES PRODUCING SYNTHETIC POLYPEPTIDE VACCINES THROUGH GENETIC ENGINEERING IDENTIFY AMINO ACID SEQUENCE

OFTEN PAIR PEPTIDES WITH LIPID THIS ELICITS A STRONGER IMMUNE REPSONSE

EXAMPLES: S. PYOGENES DIPHTHERIA, H. INFLUENZAE IN CUBA

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