Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Human Development A Cultural Approach Chapter A Cultural Approach to Human Development 1

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Introduction to Human Development Human Development-the way people grow and change across the lifespan Culture- the total pattern of a group’s customs, beliefs, art, and technology Globalization-connections between different parts of the world in trade, travel, migration and communication

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Human Development Today and Its Origins

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett For most of history, human population was under 10 million. Population began to increase significantly about 10,000 years ago due to the development of agriculture and the domestication of animals. Not until about 400 years ago did the population reach 500 million. It took about 150 years for the population to double to 1 billion (1800). In the 20 th century, as a consequence of medical advances, the population reached 2 billion by 1930, 6 billion by 1999, and 7 billion by The projected population by 2050 will be 9 billion.

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Variations Across Countries Developed Countries-most affluent countries in the world 18% of total world population (1.2 billion) Developing Countries-less wealth than the developed countries (5.8 billion) 82% of total world population Among developed countries, the US is one of the few likely to gain population. (310 million today; by 2050, 439 million)

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett United States Variation Two reasons the US follows a different demographic path  Total Fertility rate is higher than most developing countries (2.0)  United States allows more LEGAL immigration than most developing countries

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Map 1.1 Projected Ethnic Changes in U.S. Population to By 2050, the proportion of the US population that is Latino is projected to rise from 16% to 30%.

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett More Cultural Variation Variations between developing and developed countries  Income  Education  Cultural Beliefs -Individualism -Collectivism

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Map 1.2 Worldwide Variations in Population and Income Levels Developed countries represent only 18% of the world population yet they are much wealthier than developing countries. With regard to income, 40% of the world’s population lives on less than $2 a day, and 80% of the world’s population lives on a family income of less than $6,000 per year.

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Map 1.2 Worldwide Variations in Population and Income Levels Developed countries represent only 18% of the world population yet they are much wealthier than developing countries. At what point in its economic development should a developing country be reclassified as a developed country? (continued from previous slide)

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Variations Within Countries Majority culture-Sets norms and standards Contexts-Settings and circumstances SES (Socioeconomic Status)-social class including educational level, income level and occupational status

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Variations Within Countries Gender-Expectations of male and female roles Ethnicity-Cultural origin, traditions, race, religion and language

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Human Origins and the Birth of Culture

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Evolutionary Beginnings Evolutionary theory proposed by Charles Darwin Natural selection  Young are born with variations of characteristics  Species change little by little each generation

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Evolutionary Beginnings Humans’ evolutionary beginning shares ancestry with chimpanzees and gorillas Human evolutionary line called hominid line Hominid line split resulting in Homo species Homo species evolved into Homo sapiens

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Figure 1.2 Changes in Brain Size in Early Humans

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett The Origin of Cultures and Civilizations Upper Paleolithic Period  Art appeared, trade, cultural differences appeared Neolithic Period  Last Ice Age Development of Civilization  Including Egyptian, India, China and Mediterranean

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Figure 1.3 Time Line of Human History From Upper Paleolithic Period to the Present (continued on next slide)

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Figure 1.3 Time Line of Human History From Upper Paleolithic Period to the Present (continued from previous slide)

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Human Evolution and Human Development Today Human development can be understood by understanding human evolution  Development is partly based on evolution  Little biological change since Homo sapiens  Development of larger brain contributes to culture and environmental expansion

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett CULTURE Culture refers to all of the people’s shared knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions (artifacts). Culture in its broadest sense is cultivated behavior; that is the totality of a person's learned, accumulated experience which is socially transmitted, or more briefly, behavior through social learning. A culture is a way of life of a group of people--the behaviors, beliefs, values, and symbols that they accept, generally without thinking about them, and that are passed along by communication and imitation from one generation to the next.

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett RACE RACE is a socially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important. People may classify one another racially on the basis of physical characteristics such as skin color, facial feature, hair texture, and body shape. It is true that human beings differ in any number of ways involving physical traits, but a “race” comes into being only when the members of a society decide that some particular physical trait actually matters.

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett ETHNICITY Ethnicity is a shared cultural heritage. People define themselves—or others—as members of an ethnic category based on common ancestry, language, and religion that give them a distinctive social identity.

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Theories of Human Development

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Apprentice (0-25) Depends on parents and learns adult skills Householder (26-50) Marriage and own family responsibilities Forest Dweller (51-75) Grandchildren born and withdrawal from society Renunciant (75-100) Further withdrawal and preparing for the end of life Ancient Conceptions of Development:Hindu

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Ancient Conceptions of Development: Greek

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Ancient Conceptions of Development: Jewish Talmud

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Ancient Conceptions of Development: Jewish Talmud (Continued from previous slide)

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Ancient Conceptions of Development Similarities in all three  Youth is for preparation  Adulthood is for experience  Old age is for wisdom and peace Difference is found in division of lifespan  Lifespan not cleanly divided by biology but culturally and socially based

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Scientific Conceptions of Human Development Scientific theories have been around for a short time The major theories of conceptualizing development are:  Psychoanalytic theory -Psychosexual-Freud -Psychosocial-Erikson  Ecological Approach -Bronfenbrenner

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Freud’s Psychosexual Theory Based on Freud’s belief of sexual desire as the driving force behind human development Driven by three psychic structures  Id-Basis is pleasure principle  Superego-Basis of conscience  Ego-Basis of reality

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Freud’s Psychosexual Theory Psychosexual stages focused on areas of sensation and fixation Limits include: Complexity of human behavior and Freud’s research methodology

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Table 1.1 Freud’s Psychosexual Stages

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Focuses on social and cultural environment and not sexuality Continued throughout lifespan and not limited to first six years as Freud Eight stages of development characterized by crisis and resolution

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Table 1.2 Erikson’s Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory Focuses on multiple influences that shape behavior and is not a stage theory Five levels:  Micro System-Immediate environment  MesoSystem-Interconnections  Exosystem-Social Institutions  Macrosystem-Cultural Beliefs  Chronosystem-Time

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Urie Bronfenbrenner

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Emergent Theories Sociocultural Lev Vygotsky Every function in the child’s cultural development appears twice: first, between people (interpsychological) and then inside the child (intrapsychological). This applies equally to voluntary attention, to logical memory, and to the formation of ideas. All the higher functions originate as actual relationships between individuals.”

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Emergent Theories Sociocultural Lev Vygotsky Mental abilities and processes are viewed in terms of the historical sequence of events that produced them. Piaget believed that all children’s cognitive processes follow a very similar pattern of stages. Vygotsky saw intellectual abilities as being much more specific to the culture in which the child was reared.

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Emergent Theories Sociocultural Lev Vygotsky Culture makes two sorts of contributions to the child’s intellectual development. First, children acquire much of their knowledge from it. Second, children acquire the processes or means of their thinking (tools of intellectual adaptation) from the surrounding culture. Therefore, culture provides children with the tools to think, with what to think, and with how to think.

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory Focuses on multiple influences that shape behavior and is not a stage theory Five levels:  Micro System-Immediate environment  MesoSystem-Interconnections  Exosystem-Social Institutions  Macrosystem-Cultural Beliefs  Chronosystem-Time

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Stage Theory Prenatal Development Infancy Toddlerhood Early childhood Middle Childhood Adolescence Emerging adulthood Young adulthood Middle adulthood Late Adulthood

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett How We Study Human Development

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Scientific Study of Human Development The scientific method  The scientific method is composed of 5 steps -Identifying a question -Forming a hypothesis -Choosing a research method or design -Collecting data -Drawing conclusions

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Figure 1.5 The Steps of the Scientific Method

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett The Five Steps of the Scientific Method 1.Every study starts with an idea or question  Can come from previous research, a theory or personal observation 2.Forming a hypothesis  The researcher’s idea about a possible answer to a research question  Will dictate research methods, design, and analysis

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett The Five Steps of the Scientific Method 3.Choose a research method and design  The way hypotheses are investigated 4.Collecting data  Researchers try to collect a sample that represents the population 5.Draw conclusions  Data is inferred and peer reviewed  Can lead to theory modification or changes

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Ethics in Human Development Research Institutional Review Boards work to prevent ethical violations Ethical guidelines include  Protection from physical and psychological harm  Informed consent prior to participation  Confidentiality  Deception and debriefing

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Methods and Designs in Research Researchers use various methods to investigate human development  Questionnaires -Close or Open ended  Interviews-qualitative  Observations  Ethnographic Research  Case studies  Biological Methods

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Table 1.3 Research Methods: Advantages and Limitations

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Methods and Designs in Research Researchers use multiple methods, but it is important that they have reliability and validity  Reliability-Consistency of measurement  Validity-Truthfulness of the measure -Does it measure what it claims to measure?

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Methods and Designs in Research Research design allows researchers to examine changes over time  Cross-sectional -Gathers information from wide age range at a single time  Correlation -Positive -Negative

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Figure 1.6 Physical Health and Exercise Are Correlated—But Which Causes Which?

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Methods and Designs in Research Longitudinal design follows same persons over time Can focus on how people change over time Can deal with cohort effects to SOME degree

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Figure 1.7 Religiosity Changes With Age—But Is It an Age Effect or a Cohort Effect?

Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Methods and Designs in Research Experiments help to establish cause and effect Tend to have basic components  Experimental Group  Control Group  Independent Variable  Dependent Variable Natural experiments