Toward Civilization

Objectives To identify methods scientists use to find out about early peoples How historians reconstruct the past How geography and history are linked Define: prehistory, archaeology, artifact, technology, historian, geography, latitude, longitude

Introduction University of Arizona Garbage Project dug garbage from Staten Island dump Used this to identify social norms of the recent past Scientists use the same basic method to identify how people lived

How do we know? Prehistory-long periods of time before they system of writing was developed no cities, countries, or government Archaeology: the study of ways of life of early people through examination physical remains (artifacts) Technology: skills and tools use to meet the basic needs of life

Historians Reconstruct the Past Historians: people who study how people lived in the past. Rely more on written evidence than artifacts

Geography and History Geography is the study of people, their environments, and the resources available to them No resources=no life=no history 5 themes of geography: 1) location, 2) place, 3) human-environment interaction, 4) movement, 5) region

Location Latitude: measures distance north or south of the equator Longitude: measures distance east or west of the Prime Meridian Prime Meridian: an imaginary line that runs north to south through Greenwich, England

Place Described in terms of their physical features(rivers, bodies of water, climate, soil quality, plant and animal life) and human characteristics

Human-environment Interaction Areas where human interaction took place irrigation and clear cutting

Movement Of people, goods, ideas followed the food

Region Some regions are based on physical features The Gulf States: Persian Gulf, Middle East

Assignment Make a sketch of the world Identify the longitudinal and latitudinal lines Identify the Prime Meridian and the equator Label the bodies of water Copy the time line from page 2 and page 3

The Dawn of History

Objectives To identify the advances people made during the Old Stone Age To learn about the religious beliefs of early people To identify why the agricultural revolution was a turning point in history Define nomad, glacier

Hunters and Food Gatherers Old Stone Age-Paleolithic Age From the first stone tools to 10,000 B.C. Donald Johanson found the oldest human skeleton was found in Ethiopia in 1974 (Lucy)

These people were nomads Live in 20-30 people groups Adapted to their environment Totally depended on the environment Made tools: digging sticks, spears and axes Faced atmospheric changes-Ice Age

About 30,000 years ago artists began leaving examples art on the cave walls Small stone statues Toward the end of the Old Stone Age people started to bury their dead with care

The First Farmers Around 11,000 years ago the nomadic population had learned how to farm This was the transition from the Old Stone Age (Paleolithic) to the New Stone Age (Neolithic) No one knows where farming began 1st agricultural revolution began Neolithic people also had domestic animals

Skara Brae, A Neolithic Village Located on the Orkney Islands, north of Scotland Village covers 3 classrooms Equal status Life=typical farmer/hunting/agricultural/fish

Skara Brae