THE SIX KINGDOMS Bacteria Arachea http://www.specialedprep.net/MSAT%20SCIENCE/KingdomMonera.htm Bacteria Arachea

General Characteristics: Bacteria Arachea General Characteristics: Prokaryotes One celled Smaller cells (Compared to other types of cells) Most have cell walls Asexual reproduction (Fission)

Bacteria like a warm, dark, and moist environment They are found almost everywhere: -water -air -soil -food -skin -inside the body -on most objects http://www.east-buc.k12.ia.us/Ins/00-01/HS/le1.GIF http://www.mctmnet.gov.om/committee/BACTERIA.GIF

Bacteria Survival – Food sources producers – make their own food decomposers – get food from breaking down dead matter into simple chemicals parasites – bacteria that feed on living things important- because they send minerals and other materials back into the soil so other organisms can use them http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/monera.html

Producers – make their own food Earths ocean contain Cyanobacteria that produce much of the worlds oxygen

Decomposers – get food from breaking down dead matter into simple chemicals important- because they send minerals and other materials back into the soil so other organisms can use them

Parasites – feed on living things These bacteria harm the organims they live on (the host) Staphylococcus infection

Bacteria are classified by shape into 3 groups: 3 Shapes of Bacteria Bacteria are classified by shape into 3 groups: Spiral: spirilla rod-shaped: bacilli, bacillus Round: cocci http://www.east-buc.k12.ia.us/Ins/00-01/HS/le1.GIF

Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Capsule Cell wall Ribosomes Nucleoid Flagella Pilli Cytoplasm http://www.east-buc.k12.ia.us/Ins/00-01/HS/le1.GIF

Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Capsule keeps the cell from drying out and helps it stick to food or other cells

Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Cell wall Thick outer covering that maintains the overall shape of the bacterial cell

Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Ribosomes cell part where proteins are made

Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Nucleoid a ring made up of DNA

Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Flagella a whip-like tail that some bacteria have for locomotion

Pilli Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell hollow hair-like structures made of protein allows bacteria to attach to other cells. Pilli-singular Pillus-plural

Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Cytoplasm clear jelly-like material that makes up most of the cell

BINARY FISSION Bacteria dividing Completed Reproduction of Bacteria the process of one organism dividing into two organisms a type of asexual reproduction http://www.cellsalive.com/ecoli.htm http://www.cellsalive.com/cam2.htm Bacteria dividing Completed

Reproduction of Bacteria The time of reproduction depends on how desirable the conditions are Bacteria can rapidly reproduce themselves in warm, dark, and moist conditions Some can reproduce every 20 minutes (one bacteria could be an ancestor to one million bacteria in six hours) http://www.east-buc.k12.ia.us/Ins/00-01/HS/le1.GIF

Bacteria Survival Endospore- a thick celled structure that forms inside the cell allows the bacteria to survive for many years when the conditions for life are not good they can withstand boiling, freezing, and extremely dry conditions it encloses all the nuclear materials and some cytoplasm

Some bacteria cause diseases/illnesses Harmful Bacteria Some bacteria cause diseases/illnesses TB, cholera, strep throat and plague (to name a few) Bacteria produce chemicals that damage cells and tissues. http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/monera.html Many Communicable Diseases are caused by bacteria.– Disease passed from one organism to another

                                                                           1                                                                            1                                                                            1                                                                            1                                                                            1 Harmful Bacteria http://www.denniskunkel.com/PublicHtml/Edu-SearchResults.asp?Category=&ImageNumber=&Keyword3=&Keyword2=&Keyword1=bacteria&offset=60 Human tooth with accumulation of bacterial plaque (smooth areas) and calcified tartar (rough areas)

nodules on soybean roots Helpful Bacteria help make nutrients in the soil available for other organisms to grow (Nitrogen) nodules on soybean roots Used to treat sewage, digest the waste http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/monera.html  

E.coli on small intestines                                                                            1                                                                            1                                                                            1                                                                            1                                                                            1 Helpful Bacteria http://www.denniskunkel.com/PublicHtml/Edu-SearchResults.asp?Category=&ImageNumber=&Keyword3=&Keyword2=&Keyword1=bacteria&offset=60 E.coli on small intestines

Helpful Bacteria Helps to make foods like yogurt, cottage & Swiss cheese, sour cream, buttermilk are made from bacteria that grows in milk http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/monera.html

Archaea Are similar in size to bacteria . They can survive in a large range of environments. They are classified by where they live.

Methanogens They make methane (natural gas) as a waste product. They are found in swamp sediments, sewage, and in buried landfills. Beginning in September (2010) the two sewage treatment plants in Norway’s capital will collect methane, a byproduct of the microbial process that breaks down sewage, and pump it into city buses. City officials say the switch will cut fuel costs and reduce the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere by both the treatment plants and the buses. The city of Oslo is converting 80 municipal buses to run on biomethane captured from human waste

Halophiles These are salt-loving grow in places like the Great Salt Lake of Utah.

Thermophiles Live in hot springs and other high temperature environments. Some can grow above the boiling temperature of water. Some have been found in very cold conditions “Polar Ice.” Hot springs in Yellowstone

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3 ways to control bacteria: Controlling Bacteria 3 ways to control bacteria: 1) Canning- the process of sealing food in airtight cans or jars after killing bacteria endospores are killed during this process 2) Pasteurization- process of heating milk to kill harmful bacteria http://www.specialedprep.net/MSAT%20SCIENCE/KingdomMonera.htm 3) Dehydration- removing water from food Bacteria can’t grow when H2O is removed example: uncooked noodles & cold cereal

Controlling Bacteria Antiseptic vs. Disinfectants Antiseptic- chemicals that kill bacteria on living things means – “against infection” Examples: iodine, hydrogen peroxide, alcohol, soap, mouthwash Disinfectants- stronger chemicals that destroy bacteria on objects or nonliving things

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EXAMPLES OF BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA www.clf.org/lakekeeper/ take_action.htm Lake Champlain

                                                                           1                                                                            1                                                                            1                                                                            1                                                                            1 Bacillus anthracis - rod, vegetative stage prokaryote (bacterium) Image Number: 21185A http://www.denniskunkel.com/PublicHtml/Edu-SearchResults.asp?Category=&ImageNumber=&Keyword3=&Keyword2=&Keyword1=bacteria&offset=60

                                                                           1                                                                            1                                                                            1                                                                            1                                                                            1 Neisseria meningitidis - coccus prokaryote (bacterium) Image Number: 97214E http://www.denniskunkel.com/PublicHtml/Edu-SearchResults.asp?Category=&ImageNumber=&Keyword3=&Keyword2=&Keyword1=bacteria&offset=60

Leptospira interrogans - spiral shaped prokaryote (spirochete)                                                                            1                                                                            1                                                                            1                                                                            1                                                                            1 Leptospira interrogans - spiral shaped prokaryote (spirochete) http://www.denniskunkel.com/PublicHtml/Edu-SearchResults.asp?Category=&ImageNumber=&Keyword3=&Keyword2=&Keyword1=bacteria&offset=60