©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001Irwin/McGraw-Hill Donald Cooper Pamela Schindler Chapter 16 Business Research Methods

©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001Irwin/McGraw-Hill Chapter 16 Exploring, Displaying, & Examining Data

 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Click to edit Master title style Types of Data Analysis Exploratory data analysis äthe data guide the choice of analysis--or a revision of the planned analysis Confirmatory data analysis äcloser to classical statistical inference in its use of significance and confidence ämay use information from a closely related data set or by validating findings through the gathering and analyzing of new data Slide

 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Click to edit Master title style Techniques to Display and Examine Distributions Frequency Table äVisual Displays Histograms Stem-and-leaf display Box-plot Crosstabulation of Variables Slide

 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Click to edit Master title style Techniques to Display and Examine Distributions Histograms äDisplay all intervals in a distribution, even without observed values äExamine the shape of the distribution for skewness, kurtosis, and the modal pattern Slide

 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Click to edit Master title style Techniques (cont.) Box-plot (box and whisker-plot) äRectangular plot encompasses 50% of the data values äEdges of the box (hinges) äCenter line through the width of the box marks the median äWhiskers extend from the right and left hinges to the largest and smallest values Slide

 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Click to edit Master title style Techniques (cont.) Transformation äTo improve interpretation and compatibility with other data sets äTo enhance symmetry and stabilize spread äTo improve linear relationships between and among variables Slide

 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Click to edit Master title style Improvement & Control Analysis Statistical process control äUses statistical tools to analyze, monitor, and improve process performance Total Quality Management Control chart äDisplays sequential measurements of a process together with a center line and control limits äUpper control limit äLower control limit Slide

 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Click to edit Master title style Types of Control Charts äVariables data (ratio or interval measurements) äX-bar äR-charts äs-charts Pareto Diagrams äBar chart whose percentages sum to 100 percent Slide

 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Click to edit Master title style Geographic Information Systems äSystems of hardware, software, and procedures that capture, store, manipulate, integrate, and display spatially-referenced data Slide

 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Click to edit Master title style Geographic Information Systems äMinimum four components äIntegrating information from various sources äCapturing data äProjection and restructuring äModeling Slide

 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Click to edit Master title style Crosstabulation äA technique for comparing two classification variables Cells Marginals Contingency tables Slide

 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Click to edit Master title style Percentaging Errors äAveraging percentages without weighting äUsing too-large percentages (>100%) äUsing percentage with very small sample äCiting percentage decrease exceeding 100 percent Slide

 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Click to edit Master title style Other Table-based Analysis äAutomatic Interaction Detection (AID) äSequential partitioning procedure that uses a dependent variable and set of predictors äSearches among up to 300 variables for the best single division of data into subsets according to each predictor variable, äChooses one division approach äsplits the sample using chi-square tests to create multi-way splits. Slide