Test 2/9

 Late 1700’s -American Revolution & French Revolution  Early 1800’s -Colonists in Latin America were tired of watching Spain and Portugal gain riches at their expense.

 Mestizo – People of mixed Spanish and Native American descent.  Hacienda – A plantation owned by the Spaniards or the Catholic Church.  Encomiendas – The rights to demand taxes or labor from the Native Americas given to the Spanish settlers.

 Revolution – A political movement where the people overthrow the government and set up another.  Criollo – Of Spanish parents but born in Latin America  Caudillo – Latin American leaders trained by Bolivar…most were strict ruling military officers.  Mullato - A person of mixed white and Black ancestry.

Spanish- ruling class (peninsulares) Natives & Africans (slaves) largest group Mestizos & Mullatos Criollos- military leaders *Draw this chart.*

 1789 –Slaves were given freedom after the French Revolution... HOWEVER, in 1791 they changed their minds.  Toussaint L’Ouverture – A former slave who was educated led the revolution in Saint-Dominque (Haiti) beginning in  Haiti became independent in 1804.

 Haiti was the first Latin American country to break free from Imperialism.  However, they have lived under harsh dictators and are the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere

 In 1810, Miguel Hidalgo, a priest from Dolores, Mexico began the revolution in Mexico. He believed…  Slaves should be freed  Land held by Spain should be returned to Mexican farmers  Spain should stop taxing Mexican citizens so heavily  “Cry of Dolores”- Hidalgo rallied the Mestizos and Criollos and rang the church bell to go against the Spaniards.  By 1811 Hidalgo was executed, but revolution continued.  Spanish troops leave Mexico; Hidalgo is known as “Father of Mexican Independence”

Two men worked their ways around South America fighting the Spanish for independence.  Simon Bolivar from Venezuela - nicknamed El Libertador  Bolivar fought for 15 years to liberate many countries in S. America.  Bolivia was named after him.  Jose de San Martin from Argentina  The Spanish were defeated in But there is still Brazil?

 In the 1800’s French invades Spain and Portugal.  Portugal’s royal family flees to Brazil for safety.  King’s son Dom Pedro was left behind to rule the “colony”  1822 Dom Pedro declared Brazil independent.