Text Structure Text structure introduction lesson EXPOSITORY Fiction vs non-fiction Oreo vs M&Ms Text structure introduction lesson

Narrative vs. Expository Review “Begin at the beginning,’ the king said gravely,’ and go till you come to the end; then stop.’” Lewis Carroll Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (1865), p. 12 Table of Contents Chapters Headings Graphics Index

What do you know about the word text? Where have you heard it before?

What do you know about the word structure What do you know about the word structure? Where have you heard it before?

Now, let’s look at the outside structure.

Predict what is found inside each “box” below by looking at the outside of the box. Cochran and Hain,

Size Shape Color Location How did you infer what was in each box? Size Shape Color Location Cochran and Hain,

Text is like a container: To figure out what’s in the text - examine structure of the outside of the text Cochran and Hain,

Which pattern tells a story? (Narrative) Which pattern gives information? (Expository) How can you tell? XXXXXXX xx XXXXXX I. Xxxxx Initially, xxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxx xxxx xxx xxxx xxxxxxx xxx xx xxxx. Xxxxx xx xxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxxxx xxx. Xxxx, xxxxx, xxxx xxxxxx. Xxxx Xxxxx Xxxx, xxxx, xxx, xx: Xxxx Xxxxxxx xxx 1 XXXXXXX xx XXXXXX As she lingered xxx xxxx xxxxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxxx. Xxxx, xxxxx xxxx xxxx! Xxxx xxxx xxxx. Xxxx! Xxxx! Xxxxxxx xxxx xxxx, xxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxx. Xxxx xxxx, “Xxxxxx xxxxx. Xxxx xxxx xxxxxxx xxx xx xxxxxxx xxxx?” 2 Cochran and Hain,

External text structures Found outside the main body of text. They include: Italics Bold Underlining Indentation Sidebars Pictures and graphics Headings and subheadings Footnotes

Now, let’s look at the inside structure.

Why are you having a hard time figuring out what this it? Can you tell what this is?

If you organize the parts inside the cabinet, you can better understand what it is.

Internal Text Structures Internal text structure is how the main body of the text is organized. It will be organized a certain way depending on its purpose.

Internal Text Structures Some text structures we will be studying. Cause/Effect Comparison/Contrast Sequential or Chronological Question/Answer Problem/Solution Flashback/Foreshadow Fact/Opinion

1. Sequence Steps or directions are listed in numerical or chronological order Some cue words: first, second, third, after, next, then and finally

Real life examples of Sequence Text Structure Recipes Science experiment steps Directions to set up your computer What steps should I follow to send a text message? A “To-Do” list Your turn! Now you come up with examples …

Sequence Example You can do an experiment to give yourself goose bumps Sequence Example You can do an experiment to give yourself goose bumps. First, roll up your sleeve. Next, rub an ice cube up and down your arm until you start to shiver. Finally, you will see small bumps appear on your skin.

2. Chronological Events are listed in chronological order to tell a story or history. Days, months, years, and seasons might be included. Some cue words: beginning, birth, child, adult, death, end, middle

Real life examples of Chronological Text Structure A timeline of your life An agenda A calendar A history book Your turn! Now you come up with examples …

Chronological Example When I was young, before I started school, I thought goose bumps came from geese. Later, when I started third grade, my teacher explained why we get goose bumps.

3. Compare and Contrast Explains how two things are alike and/or different Often organized by a Venn diagram or “T” chart

Compare/contrast example Some people get goose bumps from fear Compare/contrast example Some people get goose bumps from fear. Others get goose bumps when they are touched emotionally.

Real life examples of Compare/Contrast How are the NBA and NFL alike? Which is better, a hybrid or conventional car? Which bank offers the best services for my money? Who should I ask for money, Mom or Dad? Your turn! Now you come up with examples …

4. Cause and Effect Lists one or more causes and the resulting effect or effects

Cause/Effect Example Goose bumps make me shiver Cause/Effect Example Goose bumps make me shiver. When the temperature drops below 45 degrees, my skin crinkles into goose bumps.

Real life examples of Cause and Effect What happens when you miss the bus? What will occur if you forget to set your alarm? Why don’t you have your homework? What is the author’s purpose? Your turn! Now you come up with examples …

5. Problem/Solution Problem is stated and one or more solutions listed

Problem/Solution Goose bumps make me shiver, but they disappear as soon as I cover up with a jacket or sweater.

Real life examples of Problem and Solution My friend doesn’t trust me - how can I get my friend to trust me again? My sharpener doesn’t work very well. How can I invent a better pencil sharpener? Reduce global warming Your turn!

7. Question/Answer A question is posed and answer(s) follow

Question/Answer Examples Q: What are goose bumps? A: Goose bumps are the bumps on a person's skin at the base of body hairs which involuntarily develop when a person is cold or experiences strong emotions like fear. Q: How do goose bumps form? A: Goose bumps are created when tiny muscles at the base of each hair, contract and push the hair straight up.

Real life examples of Question & Answer FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) links on a website http://www.howstuffworks.com/ http://www.irs.gov/faqs/index.html?portlet=5 Dear Abby (also problem/solution) Your turn! Now you come up with examples …

7. Description... Topic is described by listing characteristics, features and examples Also called ‘description’ or ‘list’

Real life examples of Description I don’t like school for the following reasons: Your turn! Now you come up with examples …

Description Example Goose bumps make me shiver Description Example Goose bumps make me shiver. I get little bumps on my skin. They look like sesame seeds.

8. Fact Opinion Fact – Can be backed up by research Opinion – what someone thinks about the fact In what unit did we study fact and opinion?

Fact/Opinion Example I hate the way that goose bumps make you feel but I really like the name!

9. Foreshadowing and Flashback This text structure is mainly used in Narratives. Review: What is a narrative? This will be further discussed in the actual lesson for these text structures.

So after all that, what is a text structure anyway?

Pattern(s) of organization used by writer to communicate ideas Text Structure is … Pattern(s) of organization used by writer to communicate ideas More than one can be used at a time

So why is all this important anyway So why is all this important anyway? Why do I have to learn all this stuff?

Writers use Text Structure to organize what they want to tell us. Helping our brain to organize Writers use Text Structure to organize what they want to tell us. Readers use Graphic Organizers to organize the information to better understand what the writer is telling us.

Graphic Organizers Text Structure Pattern of organization used by writer to communicate ideas Writers often use more than one pattern in a single text Pattern of organization used by reader to organize ideas Reader’s choice of graphic organizer depends on the purpose for reading, the question asked, or the problem to be solved

Comprehension: Prediction: If you can follow the pattern and figure out the text structure of a piece of writing, you can understand what you are reading in a more organized way. Prediction: Once you identify a text pattern, you can make predictions about what comes next. Effective readers actively make predictions about what is coming next.

3. Memorization: 4. Writing: Once you understand the text organization, it’s much easier to store and recall information. 4. Writing: Once you become familiar with text structures, writing is easier to plan and organize because you are following a format -- you are filling in the pieces to fit the pattern. Comparison & Contrast Text ______ and ______ are similar in several ways. They both _____. They also ______. Finally, both ________. Because of these similarities, we can _________.

Can a piece of writing have more than one text structure? What do you think? Can a piece of writing have more than one text structure? A. Of course! B. No way, silly! C. Um, what was the question? D. Text wha--?

Review What is text structure? …a p_______________ of o_______________ used by a w_______________ to communicate ideas attern rganization riter

_________________________________ has several specific characteristics _________________________________ has several specific characteristics. One characteristic is _______________________. Another key characteristic is the ____________________________________, which influences how __________________. Another important trait is _______________. This is important because _______________ ____________________________________.

Here are the steps to follow to ___________________. First, ________________________________________. Second, _____________________________________. Next,________________________________________. It’s important to remember to ___________________. The last step is to _____________________________. By following these steps, you’ll be able to __________ ____________________________________________.

___________________and ______________________ are different in several ways. One difference is that _______________________________, while on the other hand __________________________________. Another way they differ is ______________________ ___________________________________________. In addition, ____________________, however, ___________________________________________. In contrast, _________________________________. These differences help us to see _________________ ____________________________________________.

The cause of ___________________________________ is not easy to define The cause of ___________________________________ is not easy to define. Some people think the cause is _____________________________________________. Others believe the main cause is __________________. Understanding the cause of ______________________ is important because ____________________________.

The problem of _______________________________ really boils down to the issue of _________________ ______________________________________. In the past, the common solution was to _________________ __________________________________________________. However, this was only effective in terms of _______________ _______________________. There are no other solutions that might work. One option would be to _____________________ __________________________________________________. This would _________________________________________. Another option would be to ____________________________. This is ideal because __________________________________ _________________________________. These possible solutions are worth considering if we are to solve this issue in the near future.

http://goodbadandugly2.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/texting.jpg http://static.gadgets-weblog.com/gadgets-weblog.com/imgname--dell_xps_710_h2c_desktop_computer---50226711--Dell_XPS_710_H2C-desktop-computer.jpg http://www.small-house-building.com/image-files/framing-the-porch-2.jpg http://thewiddershins.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/coming-soon.jpg http://www.dragonartz.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/vector-human-brain-preview-by-dragonart.jpg http://www.notempire.com/images/uploads/082208_cube_1.jpg http://support.dell.com/support/edocs/systems/ws420/en/ug/inside09.gif http://img.alibaba.com/photo/11804909/Metal_Money_Box_Safe_Bank.jpg http://www.dietsinreview.com/diet_column/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/kid-with-valentine-candy.jpg http://atlasnetwork.org/toolkit/wp-content/uploads/envelope-mail.jpg