Unit 8 review: Acids & Bases Study Guide Answers Unit 8 review: Acids & Bases

1. Write the formula for the hydronium ion: H3O+ 2 1. Write the formula for the hydronium ion: H3O+ 2. Write the formula for the hydroxide ion: OH- 3. Write the equation that shows hydrochloric acid dissolving in water. HCl + H2O  H3O+ + Cl- 4. _Hydronium___ ions are produced when an acid dissolves in water, while __Hydroxide_ ions are produced when a base dissolves in water.

5. Identify the following household products as acids or bases. a 5. Identify the following household products as acids or bases. a. apple juice ACID b. hand soap BASE c. drain cleaner BASE d. water NEUTRAL e. vinegar ACID f. ammonia BASE g. lemon-lime soda ACID h. baking soda BASE i. lactose ACID 6. The chemical formula of acids always contains ___HYDROGEN__ atoms and the chemical formula of bases always contains __HYDROXIDE__ ions.

7. Litmus paper turns ___RED_____ when placed in acid and ____BLUE____ when placed in a base. 8. What does the pH of a solution measure? CONCENTRATION OF HYDRONIUM IONS [H30+] 9. The pH scale goes from __0_ to _14___. The pH range for acids is _0_ to _6.9_. The pH range for bases is _7.1 to _14_. The pH for a neutral solution is _7.0_.

10. If a solution has a high concentration of hydronium ions: What can you say about the concentration of the hydroxide ions? LOW Is it acidic, basic, or neutral? Acidic What value will the pH be closer to, 0 or 14? CLOSER TO ZERO   11. If a solution has an equal concentration of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions Is it acidic, basic, or neutral? NEUTRAL What value will the pH have? pH = 7.0

12. If a solution has a low concentration of hydronium ions: What can you say about the concentration of the hydroxide ions? HIGH Is it acidic, basic, or neutral? BASIC What value will the pH be closer to, 0 or 14? CLOSER TO 14   13. When a solution of an acid reacts with a solution of a base, what will determine the pH of the final solution? CONCENTRATION OF EACH; STRONG vs. WEAK

14. Strong acids and strong bases dissociate ___completely__ 14. Strong acids and strong bases dissociate ___completely__. Weak acids and weak bases only dissociate _PARTIALLY___.   15. Provide an example of: strong base ANY GROUP1 OR 2METAL WITH OH strong acid ANY HALOGEN WITH HYDROGEN weak acid ACETIC, CARBONIC weak base. AMMONIA, ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE

16. What happens to the pH in your stomach when you take an antacid 16. What happens to the pH in your stomach when you take an antacid? INCREASES   17. If you add a base to an acid, will it increase or decrease the pH? INCREASE pH (CLOSER TO NEUTRAL) 18. Given the following chemical formula provide the correct acid name. H2SO4 SULFURIC ACID HBr HYDROBROMIC ACID HCl HYDROCHLORIC ACID H3PO4 PHOSPHORIC ACID

19. Provide the name or formula for the following bases. NaOH SODIUM HYDROXIDE Potassium hydroxide KOH NH4OH AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 20. What is the main cause of acid rain? AIR POLLUTION – SPECIFICALLY: SO2 FROM BURNING COAL FOR ELECTRICITY NO2 FROM INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES (CARS AND TRUCKS)

21. Name four items that can be affected by acid rain 21. Name four items that can be affected by acid rain. SCULPTURES; STONE BUILDINGS; LAKES & STREAMS; TREES AND PLANTS; FISH & INSECTS 22. List the pollutant gasses that are converted into acids and which type of pollution they come from. CO2 – NATURALLY PRESENT & FROM ALL HUMAN-CAUSED COMBUSTION SO2 – FROM COAL-FIRED ELECTRICAL PLANTS NO2 – FROM TRANSPORTATION (INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES)

23. What is a buffer solution 23. What is a buffer solution? What types of materials need to be combined to create a buffer? BUFFER: a solution that is resistant to large changes in Ph Made from: a weak acid and its salt or a weak base and its salt 24. What are the two products of an acid base reaction? WATER AND SALT 25. One product of a neutralization reaction is water; which two ions combine to form this product? HYDRONIUM IONS (H3O+) AND HYDROXIDE IONS (OH-)

26. Salts are formed from cations and anions 26. Salts are formed from cations and anions. In a neutralization reaction, the anion is provided by the __ACID_____ and the cation is provided by the ___BASE___   27. Predict the products of the following reactions. KOH + HNO3 → H2O + KNO3 Al(OH)3 + H2SO4 → H2O + Al2(SO4)3 HCl + NaOH → H2O +NaCl H2SO4 + Mg(OH)2 → H2O + Mg(SO4)

28. What happens to the conductivity of water when acids are dissolved in it? INCREASES 29.What is an electrolyte? DISSOCIATES INTO IONS WHEN DISSOLVED IN WATER 30. What kinds of acids and bases should be combined to yield a neutral solution? STRONG 31.If you put lemon juice on an apple to stop it from turning brown, will it neutralize the pH of the fruit? NO, BOTH ARE ACIDIC