Navy & American Imperialism

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Presentation transcript:

Navy & American Imperialism Sea Power & Maritime Affairs Lesson 8 Navy & American Imperialism 1898-1914

Admin Anything you want to include Quizzes Assignments Etc

Last Class Dawning of the Age of Mahan Formalization of education & training Formalization of strategy Rebirth of the US navy

Today 1898-1914 Spanish-American War Navy leading up to WWI American expansionism Roosevelt Corollary

8 Key Themes Navy as an instrument of foreign policy Interaction between Congress and Navy Interservice relations Technology Leadership Strategy & Tactics Evolution of US Naval Doctrine Future missions of Navy and USMC

Spanish-American War 1898

Spanish-American War When was it? Why did we fight it? How did it start?

Spanish American War Cause: Numerous Forces: U.S. v. Spain Dates: 1898 Locations: Cuba & Philippines Major Battles: 1. Land War (Roosevelt “Rough-Riders”) 2. Sea Battles a. Manila Bay, Philippines b. Santiago, Cuba

Reasons for War Which one is it? Cuban oppression Virginius Affair American-like revolutionary ideals Yellow Journalism Sinking of the USS Maine Monroe Doctrine War-mongers in Congress

Sinking of the USS Maine Feb. 15, 1898 Sinking of the USS Maine

Sinking of the USS Maine Feb. 15, 1898 Sinking of the USS Maine Sinks in Havana Harbor Suspected Cause: Mine Actual Cause: Boiler or coal-bunker explosion ¾ die (251 sailors) US declares war

Leaders Manila Bay Santiago Dewey v. Montojo 4 Cruisers 2 Cruisers 2 Gunboats 5 Gunboats 117 Guns 86 Guns 10 8” Guns Sampson v. Cervera 4 Battleship 4 Cruisers 4 Cruisers 3 Gunboats 2 Destroyers

May 1, 1898 Battle of Manila Bay

May 1, 1898 Battle of Manila Bay

July 3, 1898 Battle of Santiago

July 3, 1898 Battle of Santiago

July 3, 1898 Battle of Santiago

Spanish American War Treaty of Paris: 1898 Results : Watershed for US History Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam (Give back other colonies) Navy plays the critical role Validates Navy & proves: Big ships Fleet v. Fleet action Investment in Navy

McKinley Assassination 1901 Why does it matter for the Navy?

Theodore Roosevelt Pro-Navy President Social Darwinist Naval War of 1812 James Bulloch’s nephew Asst. SECNAV at start of Span-Am War Social Darwinist The strongest survive “Big-Stick Diplomacy” “Speak softly and carry a big stick”

Roosevelt’s Contributions Enormous naval expansion Panama Canal (1903) Roosevelt Corollary (1904) Great White Fleet (1907-1909)

Navy Continues to Grow 1901-1905: 1908: 2 Dreadnoughts 10 battleships, 4 cruisers, 17 other vessels $85 to $118 million budge 1908: 2 Dreadnoughts 1909: 2 more Dreadnoughts By 1920: plan called for 48 capital ships

Navy Continues to Grow 1900: General Board created Advisory role to SecNav/SecWar/President Devise war plans (strategy) Assess military strengths Recommend forward bases (Pearl Harbor & Culebra) 1902: CAPT William Sims revalorizes gunnery and aiming procedures

Gunnery Improvement William Sowden Sims Studied Spanish-American War Few rounds hit target Petitioned directly to Roosevelt for gunnery improvement Appointed Director of Target Practice Accuracy and lethality significantly improve

Panama Canal Isthmus Columbian, then purchased by private French company (1881) US bought it in 1903: Hay-Herran Treaty 99-year lease Completion became priority for strategic reasons: #1: Enables quick unification of fleets Construction mired by political instability Navy and Marines maintain constant presence Completed in 1915

Roosevelt Corollary “Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine” Venezuelan Crisis (1902) Dominican Republic (1904) US “international police force” US will intervene in conflicts between European Nations and Latin American countries to enforce legitimate claims of the European powers, rather than having the Europeans press their claims directly. British and Germany fleets attacked Venezuela to collect money they were owed.

1907-1909 Great White Fleet 2-year voyage of battleship fleet around the world Painted white to impress (3) Purposes 1st Purpose: Show we have a powerful Navy 2nd Purpose: Test seaworthiness of battleships 3rd Purpose: Determine time it takes to combine fleets Successful at all

1907-1909 Great White Fleet

American foreign Policy? Where do we use the Navy to reinforce foreign policy?

American foreign Policy? CHINA: “Open Door Policy” (1899) CARIBBEAN & Latin America: Venezuela, Dominican Republic & Cuba Overall foreign policy Fear of German (1st threat) and Japan (2nd threat) Plan ORANGE / Plan BLACK Leads to justification for larger Navy Economy National Strength Foreign Policy Monroe Doctrine – no more colonizing America. Act of agression Roosevelt Corollary – right of US to intervene in latin America and South America if any of the countries committed gross violations against others.

Conflicts Roosevelt Corollary in Action -Navy and USMC kept busy Cuba Haiti Dominican Republic Hondauras Puerto Rico Nicaragua Venezuela Panama Canal

1905 Russo-Japanese War Important because: Japanese Navy demolished Russian Navy. First Asian Navy to defeat European navy. Japan now world-contender. Japan now major threat to US interests in Pacific Plan Orange

What is happening in the world? Growth of Nationalism Egotism and hubris Militarism Arms Race (Army and Navy) Imperialism. Competition for… Trade dominance Overseas resources Overseas colonies Alliances are next World is a powder keg waiting to explode

Next Class Topic Navy in World War I Assignment(s) Quiz Other Info

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