GABRIELLE CARLINI Measuring the Effectiveness of Various Antacids

Purpose To discover which brand of antacid is the most effective in treating GERD To study the effects of adding hydrochloric acid to different brands of antacids in order to determine which would resist the pH change

Background Information Antacids are agents that neutralize stomach acid. Each type of antacid works differently depending on its main ingredients. Hydrochloric acid is the key component of stomach acid. It has a pH of about 2. Gastroesophageal reflux disease, most commonly referred to as GERD, is a common and usually short-term stomach condition. Antacids are the most common medication, because they can weaken the acid until the esophagus closes on its own.

Hypothesis Because calcium carbonate (Tums), has the highest pH of the antacids being tested, it will neutralize the most acid.

Materials Burette (1) ring stand (1) Milk of Mylanta (750mg) Alka-Seltzer (750mg) Tums (750mg) Maalox (750mg) pH probe and the corresponding software Computer HCL (240mL) water mortar and pestle Funnel (1) gloves

Procedure 1. Dissolve 250mg of Alka-Seltzer into 12mL of water and pour into a beaker. Put the beaker underneath the ring stand. 2. Pour 20mL of hydrochloric acid into the burette and attach it to the ring stand. 3. Set up the pH probe and place it into the solution. It should read around Slowly add the acid to the base, one mL at a time. 5. Record the pH after each mL, until the acid has all been titrated. 6. Repeat 2 more times, then do the same for each other antacid.

Variables Independent  type of base used Dependent  pH of the solution Control  because this experiment was a comparison, there was no control group

Data (I)

Data (II)

Data (III) T-TestsSodium Bicarbonate Magnesium Hydroxide Calcium Carbonate Aluminum- Magnesium Hydroxide E E-05 Calcium Carbonate x Magnesium Hydroxide xx

Conclusion (I) It was revealed that not all bases resist pH change the same way. The aluminum-magnesium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide kept the starting pH relatively high because they were very strongly basic. The sodium bicarbonate and calcium carbonate didn’t start with very high pH’s, but resisted the acid to the point that even after 20mL were added, the solutions were barely acidic. The original hypothesis was partly proved, but it was also learned that the level of the pH is not the only factor determining the antacids’ effectiveness. Antacids that use ingredients such as sodium bicarbonate and calcium carbonate are much more effective at treating GERD, because they are able to keep the pH level in the stomach higher for longer, resulting in a less painful condition.

Conclusion (II) Sources of Error  Some of the antacids were solid and had to be dissolved with water; which may have affected the overall pH.  Some of the antacids contained ingredients other than the main active ingredient which may have interacted with pH level.

Works Cited Antacids. (2011). Retrieved from drugs.com website: ‌ drug-class/ ‌ antacids.html a good basic definition of an antacid Antacids and Acid Reducers. (2010, December 15). Retrieved from WebMD website: ‌ a-to-z-guides/ ‌ nonprescription- medications-and-products-antacids-and-acid-reducers describes types of antacids and how each one works Bishop, M. (2010). Titration. Retrieved from ‌ Bishop_Titration.htm a great procedure for a basic titration (provides many details) Clark, J. (2002). pH/ ‌ Titration Curves. Retrieved from ChemGuide website: ‌ physical/ ‌ acidbaseeqia/ ‌ phcurves.html a good guide for pH and titrations, helps clear up some of the harder language and key terms Gastroesophageal reflux disease. (2011). Retrieved from US National Library of Medicine website: ‌ pubmedhealth/ ‌ PMH / complete description of GERD, explains why antacids are needed Gbemudu, A., PhD. (2011). Information on Antacids. Retrieved from Rx List Inc. website: ‌ script/ ‌ main/ ‌ art.asp?articlekey=95545 complete description of everything needed to know about antacids GERD, Heartburn, and Acid Reflux. (2009). Retrieved from Relfux Denfense System website: ‌ heartburn_GERD_articles/ ‌ introduction-causes-and-symptoms.html over view of GERD and recent research on why antacids may not be the best medication Hazardous Materials. (2008, December 30). In ES&H Manual (pp. Chapter 40) [Pamphlet]. Retrieved from group.slac.stanford.edu/ ‌ esh/ ‌ eshmanual/ ‌ references/ ‌ hazmatGuideHydrochloricAcid.pdf complete description of how to obtain, handle and dispose of hydrochloric acid Purchon, N. D. (2006, November 10). pH. Retrieved from ‌ chemistry/ ‌ ph.htm a basic overview of what pH is Stomach Acid. (2008). Retrieved from Digestionquestions.com website: ‌ gerd/ ‌ stomach-acid.html complete description of the chemical composition of stomach acid Tullmin, M. (2002). History of pH. Retrieved from M. Tullmin website: ‌ historypHscale.htm history of pH What is pH? (2007, June 8). Retrieved from Environmental Protection Agency website: ‌ acidrain/ ‌ measure/ ‌ ph.html another overview of pH