1) Properties of Water Water is a polar covalent solvent Oxygen end is slightly negative Hydrogen ends are slightly positive

Hydrogen Bonding Polarity of water allows attraction between other water molecules Hydrogen bond - attraction between hydrogen and another highly electronegative atom (FON) Weaker than covalent or ionic bonds Water is unique in that one molecule can form up to 4 hydrogen bonds.

Properties of Water Cohesion: attraction between 2 molecules of same substance Adhesion: attraction between 2 different molecules -Capillary action - forces between molecules cause water levels to rise against gravity (One way plants draw water from their roots).

Solutions and Suspensions Solution: Type of mixture with components evenly distributed. Solute: What is dissolved. Solvent: Substance which solute is dissolved in (usually water). Like dissolves like! Suspension: Mixture in which material will not dissolve

Acids, Bases, and pH Water can ionize: H2O  H+ + OH- pH Scales measures the concentration of Hydrogen and Hydroxide ions in solution. Ranges from 0 to 14 pH of 7 is neutral (H+ = OH-) pH less than 7 is considered acidic (H+ > OH-) pH greater than 7 is called basic (H+ < OH-) Each value on the pH scale is a a factor of 10! pH of 3 vs. pH of 5, the pH of 3 has 100 times more hydrogen ions!

pH Scale

Acids and Bases Acids are compounds that produce H+ ions in solutions. Bases are compounds that produce OH- in solution. *Buffers are weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids/bases to prevent sharp changes in pH.

2) Organic Compounds Organic Chemistry refers to the study of carbon compounds. 1) Carbon atoms have 4 valence electrons, and can form 4 individual covalent bonds. 2) Carbon can bond with itself (single, double or triple covalently), creating the possibility of huge chains. Polymerization - the formation of large molecules from smaller components.

4 Major Organic Components of Life 1) Carbohydrates: Contain C, H, O in a ratio of 1:2:1. Main source of energy. Short and long term storage Name ends in -ose

1) Carbohydrates Monosaccharides: single molecule sugars Glucose, Fructose, Galactose Chemical Formula C6H12O6 Disaccharides: double sugars Maltose, Sucrose, Lactose

How do macromolecules form? Dehydration synthesis! Through a reaction of two molecules and energy, water is produced. The reverse is known as Hydolysis

Carbohydrates Polysaccharides: 3 or more simple sugars bonded together. A) Starch main form of energy storage for plants. B) Glycogen (Animal starch) form of storage in animals. C) Cellulose chains of glucose formed in plants for support structures. D) Chitin is a polysaccharide that makes up exoskeletons of many insects.

2) Lipids - oils, fats, waxes Contain C, H, O (H:O ratio is greater than 2:1 so lots of Hydrogen!) Used for long term energy storage (fat tissue) Make up cell membranes

Lipids Lipids are usually formed through the dehydration synthesis of a glycerol molecule and 3 chains of fatty acids.

Lipids Saturated is a term that refers to a lipid containing only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms in the fatty acid tails Unsaturated means that there are one or more double bonds between carbons in the tails of the lipid.

3) Nucleic Acids The molecules of heredity! Contain Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon and Phosphorus. Individual monomers are known as nucleotides. Nucleotides have 3 parts: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

Nucleic Acids There are two possible pentose sugars in a nucleic acid: Ribose and Deoxyribose. DNA has deoxyribose RNA has ribose

4) Protein The R groups have varying properties: some are acidic, basic, polar, or nonpolar in nature. Proteins have a diverse role in biology. Some are for transport (COPI, COPII, actin, myosin) Structure (muscle, bones) Regulation of cellular activities (cell cycle)

Protein Organization 4 levels of organization Primary = individual sequence of amino acids in a protein. Secondary = Hydrogen bonding causes folds and twists in between AA (-helix,  pleated sheets). Tertiary = 3-dimensional folding occurs within the chain. Quaternary = Multiple chains can fold on each other (Hemoglobin).

4) Protein Proteins contain Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen. Building block of protein is called an Amino Acid AA contain an amino group (-NH2) Also contain and carboxyl group (-COOH) 20 different amino acids, each differ only in their side chain (R group).