Chapter 19 Viruses and Bacteria

Viruses Viruses are NOT cells! A virus is made up of: Nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) 2. Protein coat

Bacteriophage = virus that What is a virus? Made of nucleic acid (DNA OR RNA), protein coat (capsid) and sometimes lipids MUST enter living cells in order to reproduce Very small Range from a few to 100s of genes Bacteriophage = virus that infects bacteria

Viruses: Living or Non-living? No cell membrane or other living cell components Host cells required for reproduction Do not metabolize or respond to stimuli BUT, they do have genetic info and can change over time NON-LIVING!!!!

Virus Infection: Lytic vs. Lysogenic Cycles Lytic Cycle: virus enters cell, makes copies of itself, and causes the cell to “lyse” or burst Lysogenic Cycle: virus integrates into host cell DNA and viral genetic info is copied along with host cell’s DNA

Lytic Cycle The viral infection that rapidly kills the host cell is the lytic cycle.

Lytic Cycle of a Cold or Influenza Virus The cold or flu virus infects cells lining of the nose and throat, reproducing more cold viruses and destroying body cells.

What are the two things all viruses have? Are viruses living or non-living? What are the two ways viruses infect a living host cell? What are the two ways viruses can reproduce?

Review Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles…

Retrovirus A virus that contains RNA instead of DNA CAPSID A virus that contains RNA instead of DNA Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus HIV causes AIDS ENVELOPE RNA

HIV Virus and Immune System The thymus gland by the heart and the bone marrow produce the white blood cells that protect us from infection. HIV attacks the T cell of the immune system.

Retroviruses When enter cells, produce DNA copy of RNA then integrate into host cell Can remain dormant until replicate and burst open cell “Retro” because genetic info is copied backwards RNA => DNA

Destroys helper T cells Makes getting other diseases really easy Transmitted by blood, breast feeding, sexually, and other bodily fluids Can happen to anyone! Mouth sores common to AIDS patients

Viruses as Parasites Take advantage of host cell’s respiration, nutrition and other cellular functions Depends entirely on another organism for its existence

Types of Viral Diseases Must know Names Symptoms Transmission

West Nile Symptoms Transmitted by Fever Headache Body ache infected mosquitoes

Chicken Pox Symptoms Transmitted by Fever and weakness Red, itchy rash Direct contact Droplet inhalation

Common Cold Symptoms Transmitted by Sneezing Sore throat Fever Muscle and headaches Transmitted by Direct contact Droplet inhalation

Warts/HPV Symptoms Transmitted by Noncancerous growths on skin; can become cancerous Transmitted by Direct contact Sex

Hepatitis Symptoms Jaundice Fatigue Abdominal pain Diarrhea and nausea Transmitted by Human waste, contaminated food and water (Hep A) Contact w/ bodily fluids (B & C)

Herpes Symptoms Transmitted by Blister like sores (can actually be on any part of the body) Fever Fatigue Transmitted by Direct contact Sex

Measles Symptoms Transmitted by High fever Sore throat Rash Swollen eyelids Transmitted by Droplet inhalation

Polio Symptoms Transmitted by Fever Headache Muscle weakness Difficulty swallowing Transmitted by Droplet inhalation

Smallpox Symptoms Transmitted by High fever Fatigue Rash Contact Droplet inhalation

Virus Prevention Vaccination Hygiene Safe sex Abstinence Injection of weakened or dead pathogen Hygiene Wash your hands! Safe sex Use condoms or other prophylactic contraceptives Abstinence Only method that is 100% effective against transmission of sexually transmitted viruses

Bacteria Bacteria are small PROKARYOTIC cells. They have a cell wall and DNA. Some bacteria are beneficial and some are pathogenic. *Pathogenic = disease causing

Bacteria Used as a common name to describe prokaryotes Usually range from 1-5 micrometers! Divided into two kingdoms: eubacteria and archaebacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis

Eubacteria Largest bacterial Kingdom Wide range; many lifestyles, live almost anywhere Usually have cell wall for shape and protection - cell wall contains peptidoglycan Have cell membrane- sometimes an extra membrane outside of it as well Escherichia coli

Archaebacteria Look similar to eubacteria under microscope but chemically different No peptidoglycan & different membrane lipids DNA more like eukaryotes (Share a more recent common ancestor) Live in extreme/harsh environments

How Are Bacteria Identified? Identified by: Shape Movement techniques Way of obtaining energy Oxygen Needs Mode of Reproduction

Shape Rod-shape: Bacilli Spherical shape: Cocci Spiral and corkscrew: Spirilla

Movement Not all prokaryotes can move Ones that move Propelled by flagella (whiplike structures for movement) Lash, snake or spiral Glide along layer of slime Escherichia coli

Metabolic Diversity: Heterotrophs vs. Autotrophs Most are heterotrophic! If autotrophic: Some are photoautotrophs (similar to plants) Some are chemoautotrophs (make organic molecules from CO2 If heterotrophic: Most are chemoheterotrophs (Take in organic molecules for energy and carbon supply) Humans are chemoheterotrophs, too! Some are photoheterorophs (photosynthetic but need organic compounds for carbon source)

Oxygen Needs Facultative anaerobes Obligate anaerobes Obligate aerobes Can survive with or without oxygen Obligate anaerobes Must live in the absence of oxygen Obligate aerobes Require constant supply of oxygen to live

Growth and Reproduction Conjugation Hollow bridge forms between two cells and genes move from one cell to the other; increases genetic diversity IS a sexual process (NOT REPRODUCTION – does not produce gametes) Binary Fission Grows to where it doubles in size then replicates DNA and divides in half

Bacteria’s Importance Producers Nitrogen Fixation Human Uses Food and beverage production Industry Drug and chemical production Live in our intestines; provide vitamins Biotechnology Decomposers Recycle nutrients in ecosystem Sewage treatment

Bacterial Diseases Two ways bacteria causes diseases: Break down organism’s cells for food Release toxins that affect the organism’s body

Examples of Bacterial Diseases Streptococcus Symptoms – fever, sore throat, swollen glands Diphtheria Symptoms – sore throat, low grade fever ***Both cause disease by releasing TOXINS

Circulatory System Bacteria can infect the heart valves and the lining of the ventricles. The circulatory system brings oxygen and nutrients to all body cells. Left ventricle

Beneficial Bacteria in the Digestive System Bacteria like E. coli make digestive enzymes and vitamin K in the large intestine.

Nervous System Brain Spinal cord The nervous system responds to changes in the external and internal environment. It is “the communicator”. Spinal& peripheral nerves

Nervous System Infections Both bacteria and viruses can infect the brain causing such diseases as meningitis and encephalitis. Nerve cells or Neurons

Controlling Bacteria Food storage and processing Disinfectants Chemical solutions that kill bacteria Sterilization Method to control growth of bacteria by heat Vaccines Weakened or killed pathogens Sometimes prompts body to produce immunity Antibiotics Block growth of bacteria

Comparing VIRUSES and BACTERIA Which is a virus? Which is a bacteria? Which is living? Which is non-living?

Kingdoms LIST THE 6 KINGDOMS GIVE 2 DETAILS FOR EACH ONE….EX: prokaryotic or eukaryotic? autotroph or heterotroph? cell wall or no cell wall? unicellular or multicellular? What kingdom is a virus in?