MNA Mosby’s Long Term Care Assistant Chapter 15 Preventing Infection

Microbes Microorganisms Pathogen – harmful microorganisms Small living plant or animal that can only be seen with a microscope. Pathogen – harmful microorganisms

Types of Microbes 5 Types: Bacteria Fungi Protozoa Rickettsiae Viruses

Types of Microbes Bacteria Examples: E-coli. Pneumonia, TB, cholera multiply rapidly Germs One celled Cause infection in any body system

Types of Microbes Fungi Plants that live on other plants or animals Mushrooms, yeasts, molds Infect the mouth, vagina, skin, feet other body areas Examples: Athlete’s foot, ringworm

Types of Microbes Protozoa Microscopic One celled Infect the blood, brain, intestines and other body areas Examples:dysentery, malaria, and African sleeping sickness.

Types of Microbes Rickettsiae Microscopic forms of life found in fleas, ticks, lice Transmitted to humans by insect bite Examples: Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Types of Microbes Viruses Very small microscopic organisms that grow in living cells Examples: common cold, herpes, flu, AIDS, hepatitis

Requirements for Microbes Require a Reservoir The reservoir is the environment where the microbe grows Most like Warm Dark Moist Humans, plants, animals, water, soil, food.

Normal Flora Example: E-coli Microbes that live and grow in a certain area. Intestines, respiratory tract, skin. Non-pathogen when in or on a natural reservoir.

Infection Disease state resulting from invasion of microbes Local – in a general area Systemic – throughout the body

Chain of Infection Source Reservoir Portal of Exit Portal of Entry Mode of Transmission Portal of Entry Susceptible Host Portal of entry Portal of exit

Chain of Infection Source - pathogen Bacteria, virus, protozoa, fungus

Chain of Infection Reservoir – human and animals

Chain of Infection Portal of Exit – Respiratory tract Intestinal tract Urinary tract Reproductive tract Breaks in the skin Blood

Chain of Infection Mode of Transmission – Coughing Sneezing Air Food Water Eating and drinking utensils Personal care items Direct contact Dressings Insects animals

Chain of Infection Portal of Entry – Respiratory tract Intestinal tract Urinary tract Reproductive tract Breaks in the skin Blood

Chain of Infection Susceptible Host - A person at risk for infection

Signs & Symptoms of Infection Fever ↑ Pulse and respiratory rate Pain or tenderness Fatigue Loss of appetite N/V Diarrhea Rash Sores on mucous membranes Redness of swelling Discharge or drainage

Nosocomial Infection or HAI An infection acquired after admission to a health care facility Also called a HAI Healthcare-Associated Infection

Nosocomial Infection or HAI Common sites are: Urinary system Respiratory system Wounds Bloodstream Prevented by: Universal precautions Medical Asepsis Surgical Asepsis Isolation Precautions Blood Borne Pathogen Standards

Medical Asepsis Asepsis – being free of pathogens Medical asepsis – practices used to remove or destroy pathogens prevent the spread of pathogens

Common Aseptic Practices HAND WASHING!!! Individual personal care items Cover your nose or mouth when coughing or sneezing Bath, brush teeth regularly Wash fruits and raw vegetables Wash cooking and eating utensils with soap and hot water

MOST IMPORTANT Aseptic Practice? HAND WASHING! When washing your hands, your hands and forearms are kept lower than your elbows Hands are washed for at least 15 seconds When drying your hands, start at the fingertips and work up to your forearms

Other aseptic terms Sterilization - absence of ALL microorganisms. (autoclave)

Other aseptic terms Disinfection - destroying pathogens Clean - absences of pathogens Contamination – pathogens present Germicides are disinfectants

Standard Precautions Reduce the risk of spreading pathogens Used in the care of all residents

Standard Precautions PPE – Personal Protective Equipment Gown, gloves, masks, goggles

Standard Precautions PPE – Personal Protective Equipment Use any time there is a possibility of coming in contact with: Blood Body fluids Non-intact skin Mucous membranes

Standard Precautions Sharps Never recap needles Use bio-hazardous containers when indicated

Standard Precautions Donning and removing Gloves

Standard Precautions Donning and removing gloves, gown, mask

Standard Precautions Double bagging Leak proof plastic bags Bio-hazardous symbol Specimens

Isolation Types of isolation: Airborne – small droplets Strict – airborne and contact Droplet – larger droplets Contact – direct or indirect

Isolation Types of isolation are based on how the disease/infectious organism is spread from person to person. Read the isolation signs on the outside of the patient’s door or above the head of the patient’s bed. The signs will tell you what personal protective equipment to put on before entering the room or before initiating any patient care task.

Isolation Meeting the resident’s basic needs while in isolation Smile ! Treat resident with respect Provide reading, entertainment material Organize your work so you can stay and visit a little Say hello from the doorway often

Bloodborne Pathogen Standard OSHA Regulation HIV - Human Immunodeficiency Virus HBV - Hepatitis B Virus

Bloodborne Pathogen Standard Exposure Control Plan Training provided Free Immunization for HBV PPE provided

Bloodborne Pathogen Standard Exposure Control Plan Engineering and Work Practice Controls Bio-hazardous containers provided Do not store food or drink where blood or body fluids are stored Clean Spills with 1:10 solution of Clorox and water

Bloodborne Pathogen Standard Caused by a virus Hepatitis B (HBV) Blood or blood products, sexual contact, peri-natal Prevention vaccine 3 injections Given before or after exposure

Bloodborne Pathogen Standard Caused by a virus Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) AIDS Blood or blood products, sexual contact, peri-natal NO Prevention vaccine

Review All microbes are pathogens. True False

Review A pathogen causes infection. True False

Review An item is sterile if non-pathogens are present. True False

Review Pathogens prefer an environment that is warm and dry True False

Review Kissing is an example of mode of transmission in the chain of infection. True False

Review Bacteria is an example of portal of entry in the chain of infection True False

Review Blood is an example of a reservoir in the chain of infection True False

Review Boiling water is sterilization. True False

Review A no-socomial infection or a healthcare-associated infection (HAI) is transmitted within a HCF. True False

Review Standard precautions includes wearing PPE as needed. True False

Review HBV is caused by a bacteria. True False

Review HIV effects the liver. True False

Review Sharps are recapped to prevent danger to others. True False

Review A HCF must provide all employees with free HVB vaccinations . True False

Review Hand washing is the most effective aseptic technique. True False

Review Hands do not need to be washed if gloves are worn. True False

Review What is PPE?. Personal Protective Equipment

Review 1 part Clorox to 10 parts water How are contaminated spills cleaned? 1 part Clorox to 10 parts water