GRAMMAR – UNIT 2 LESSONS

NOUNS NOTE: Things can be concrete – like rocks or books or abstract ideas like courage or purpose. Two types of NOUNS: –Proper Nouns –Common Nouns A noun is a person, place, or thing

A ________ is a word that ________________, _____ another verb to a subject, _______ another verb or merely indicates ___________.

MOOD Verbs can be: commanding (imperative) matter-of-fact (indicative) doubtful or wishful (subjunctive)

IMPERATIVE Close that door! imperative Squiggly played volleyball by the sea. indicative I wish you were here. subjunctive indicative subjunctive COMMANDING MATTER-OF-FACT DOUBTFUL or WISHFUL

UNIT 2 - LESSON

. PRONOUNS !

Personal pronouns stand in for nouns.

They’re like stuntmen. When nouns feel overworked, they call for pronouns

pronouns—words like he, it, she, we, they, and so on.

The noun to which a pronoun refers.

Antecedents are always nouns – some are proper and some are common.

Most of the time Pronouns are used in a paragraph AFTER their antecedents.

SUMMARY What are antecedents and how do they relate to pronouns?

GRAMMAR MATTERS

UNIT 2 - REVIEW

Parts Of Speech Nouns Verbs Pronouns

MOOD Verbs can be: commanding (imperative) matter-of-fact (indicative) doubtful or wishful (subjunctive)

Squiggly ate a sandwich. If only I had a sandwich. Eat your sandwich. indicative subjunctive imperative

Wash the dog. If only I had a dog. Andy bought a dog. imperative subjunctive indicative

pronouns— they take the place of nouns. words like he, it, she, we, they …

The noun to which a pronoun refers.

Andy bought a dog, and then, he washed it. antecedents pronouns

UNIT 2 - LESSON

NOUN ADJECTIVE NOUN, ADJECTIVE, ADVERB

SUMMARY

UNIT 2 - LESSON

SUMMARY

GRAMMAR MATTERS

UNIT 2 - LESSON

PARTS OF SPEECH Nouns Pronouns Verbs –Verbals Participle Gerund Infinitive

Review Verbals –verb forms that function as another part of speech Participle – “ing” – adjectives or a whole verb with a helper Gerund – “ing” – nouns Infinitive – “to + basic form of a verb” - nouns, adj, adv.

PARTICIPLE GERUND INFINITIVE He was sewing a button onto his coat. The sewing machine was broken. I like your writing. He wanted to go to the park.

To Split or not to Split ????  Some people believe that it is against the “rules” to split an infinitive  MYTH  AGAIN – Latin is to blame for the 19 th Century rule. In Latin, there are no two word infinitives and so, it is impossible to split one.  Today though, most agree that it is OK to split infinitives

Split infinitive ….  If you try to unsplit the verb, you might actually change the meaning of the sentence. removeto to remove How does this change the sentence? to remove This would be the best rewrite, but it is not necessary.

SUMMARY

GRAMMAR MATTERS

UNIT 2 - LESSON

PARTS OF SPEECH Nouns Pronouns Verbs –Verbals Participle Gerund Infinitive

Verbals –verb forms that function as another part of speech

Participle – “ing” – adjectives or a whole verb with a helper Gerund – “ing” – nouns Infinitive – “to + basic form of a verb” - nouns, adj, adv.

PARTICIPLE GERUND INFINITIVE Alex is sparring.

PARTICIPLE GERUND INFINITIVE The sparring team won.

PARTICIPLE GERUND INFINITIVE Sparring is her favorite thing to do.

PARTICIPLE GERUND INFINITIVE She likes to spar.

UNIT 2 - LESSON

CRITICAL QUESTION? How can I write a sentence correctly using an antecedent and a pronoun?

Personal Pronouns Antecedent Personal pronouns stand in for nouns. They’re like stuntmen. When nouns feel overworked, they call for pronouns—words like he, it, she, we they, and so on. The noun to which the pronoun refers is called the antecedent. Pronouns !!!

Squiggly was late. He forgot to set the alarm. The tree fell because it had been attacked by bugs. Grammar girl is happy because she remembered to bring an eraser.

Pronouns are VITAL~~~~~~~~~ Pronouns are vital. Try not using one for an hour, and you’ll see. I use them constantly as you can tell by these sentences. Because pronouns come in different shapes and are used for different reasons some official grammar language is necessary. Ready?????

SUMMARY

GRAMMAR MATTERS

UNIT 2 - LESSON

Pronouns are bunched together in three cases. (I do not know why the word “case” is used. Categories would work just as well, but officially they are called cases. Think of each case like a suitcase; it packs all the similar pronouns together. Pronouns and Their Cases

PERSONSUBJECTIVE CASE OBJECTIVE CASE POSSESSIVE CASE (weak/strong) 1 ST PERSONIMeMy/Mine 2 ND PERSONYou You/Yours 3 RD PERSON - female SheHerHer/Hers 3 RD PERSON - male HeHimHis/His 3 RD PERSON - neutral It Its/Its 1 ST PERSON (plural) WeUsOur/Ours 2 ND PERSON (plural) You Your/Yours 3 RD PERSON (plural) TheyThemTheir/Theirs INTERROGATIVEWhoWhomWhose

The doer of the action; the one who acts Subjective Case She ate fifty hot dogs. (She did the eating, so she’s taking the action.)

The receiver of the action; the one who sits back and lets it all happen to her (or him). Objective Case The judge gave her the prize. (Her received the prize and is the receiver of the action.)

Shows ownership Possessive Case Her dog threw up on my shoes. (Her indicates the dog belongs to a previously mentioned female.)

I … is always and only a subject pronoun. you … can stand in for a subject or an object!!! me … is always and only a object pronoun.

SUMMARY

GRAMMAR MATTERS