Family Times Daily Questions Prior Knowledge Cause and Effect Vocabulary Multiple Meaning Words Predictions Guided Comprehension Sequence Paraphrase Independent Readers The Immigrant Experience Additional Resources

Study Skills: Genre: Expository Nonfiction Vocabulary Strategy: Context Clues Comprehension Skill: Cause and Effect Comprehension Strategy: Summarize

Question of the Week: Daily Questions: What challenges do immigrants encounter? Daily Questions: In what ways is America different from Romania? How are Marcus’s expectations of America different from what he finds? Despite the challenges they face, why do you thin immigrants continue to come to America?

Activate Prior Knowledge Brainstorm about immigration In two or three minutes write down words and phrases you associate with immigration. Discuss responses. Think about the challenges immigrants encounter when arriving in a new country.

Cause and Effect The cause is what made something happen. The effect is what happened as the result of a cause. Sometimes an author will use clue words such as so and because to show a cause-effect relationship, but not always. An effect may have more than one cause, and a cause may have more than one effect. Effect Cause Effect Cause Cause Effect

Summarize In a summary, you state main ideas and leave out unimportant details. Summarizing helps you make sure you understand and remember what you read. Summarizing is especially helpful when you read about a cause with several effects or an effect with several causes.

Write Activity: Read “Coming to the United States.” Make a graphic organizer to show the causes of immigration. Use information from your graphic organizer to help you write a brief summary about why many people have immigrated to the United States.

Vocabulary List Advice Advised Circumstances Elbow Hustled Immigrants Luxury Newcomer Peddler INTRODUCE VOCABULARY Read lesson vocabulary. Locate each word in the glossary, noting the pronunciation and meaning. Answer the following questions: What might a peddler sell? If you elbow your way to the head of the crowd, what are you doing? What is a luxury in your home? Use the vocabulary words in sentences. At the end of the week, review your sentences and improve upon them using what they have learned.

Advice An opinion about what should be done

Advised Gave advice to; offered an opinion

Circumstances Conditions that accompany an act or event

Elbow To push with the elbow; make your way by pushing.

Hustled Hurried along

Immigrants People who come into a country or region to live.

Luxury Something pleasant but not necessary

Newcomer A person who has just come or who came not long ago.

Peddler A person who travels about selling thins carried in a pack or in a truck, wagon, or cart.

More Words to Know Crannies: Small, narrow openings; cracks; crevices Greenhorn: A person without training or experience Pushcarts: Light carts pushed by hand

Practice Lesson Vocabulary Does hustled mean pushed around? Are the Segals immigrants? Were the people in Marcus’s village used to luxury? True/False When you want to know someone’s opinion about something, you ask for his or her advice. A newcomer is someone who is always late. Hustled means pushed away.

Vocabulary Strategy (p. 114) Multiple Meaning Words (Context Clues) Some words have more than one meaning. You can find clues in nearby words to decide which meaning the author is using. Think about different meanings the word can have. Reread the sentence where the word appears. Which meaning gits in the sentence? If you can’t tell, then look for more clues in nearby sentences. Put the clues together and decide which meaning works best. As you read “ A New Job in America,” use the context and what you know about the vocabulary words to decide their meanings. For example, does hustled mean “hurried along” or “sold in a hurried way”?

Genre: Expository Nonfiction Expository nonfiction explains a person, a thing, or an idea. Notice how the author explains what life was like for a young man coming to the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century. Examples:

How does Marcus manage to meet the challenge of making a place for himself in a new country?

Preview and Predict Preview the selection by discussing the photographs and reading the captions. Think about the title. When you hear “shutting out the sky,” what are you reminded of and what do you predict the title describes? Use selection vocabulary to discuss your ideas.

Guided Comprehension: Reread the headnote on p. 118. Aside from becoming crowded, how do you think the arrival of 23 million immigrants affected New York City? Which details about the Segals’ apartment made Marcus feel they were rich? Name the order three things that have happened to Marcus in the selection thus far. Compare and contrast Marcus to the boarders at this point in the story. The phrase “huddling like seals on a rock” is an example of a simile. Why do you think the author used this feature? Why do you think the author wrote, “Soon the rooms were filled with deep breathing, dreadful snoring, and smells of all kinds”? What is the meaning of fine in paragraph 2 on pg. 123? What other meaning could this word have? Why did Marcus take a job as a peddler?

Guided Comprehension Continued How does Marcus feel about becoming a peddler? Marcus paid for two boxes of chocolates. How will he make money selling them to others? How do the photographs help set the mood of the story? How is the Marcus at the end of the story different from the Marcus we met at the beginning of the story? Think about a time you went through a new or difficult change in your life. What happened? How do you feel?

Sequence (TM 121) Sequence refers to the order of events. Time order is a way of organizing text. Dates, times of day, and other clue words can help determine time order. Look on pg. 120 and sequence the events of paragraph 1. Reread pg. 120, paragraphs 1 and 2. What order did these events take place? _______People slept wherever they could. _______Chairs were lined up in rows to make beds. _______People streamed into the apartment.

Paraphrase To paraphrase something is to put it in your own words. A paraphrase should keep the author’s ideas and overall meaning, but it should be easier to read than the original. When you paraphrase, think about what the author is trying to say. Do not add any opinions of your own. Use your own words. Work with a small groups to paraphrase p. 119 from Shutting Out the Sky. Write your own paraphrase for pg. 124. Remember to use your own choice of words to describe what the author was trying to say.

SUMMARY This book explores how the United States became such a diverse country, with many different immigrant groups. The book also tells the story of the different immigrant groups that have helped shape this country into what it is today. COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS PAGE 4 What does the phrase “the melting pot” refer to? PAGE 5 What are some examples of what causes immigrants to come to the United States? PAGE 11 Why is Jennifer Lopez included in this book? PAGE 22 Can you summarize what happened to Jewish Americans during the 1900s? PAGE 23 How have immigrants made the United States a more interesting and exciting place to live?

SUMMARY In the early 1900s, many families traveled to the United States looking for a better life. These families faced difficult times. Immigrant children had a hard time learning or having fun. Their parents worked hard to give them safe places to play and learn. COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS PAGE 6 What caused immigrants to move to America? PAGE 7 Look at the photo and read the caption. What does this tell you about immigrants’ living conditions? PAGE 10 How did immigrant parents teach their children about their heritage? PAGE 18 What did Alice and Irene Lewisohn do to improve the Lower East Side?

SUMMARY Many people left their homes overseas and came to the United States in the early 1900s. They had dreams of making good money and having a better life. The road to a better life was filled with hard times and disappointment. For most, the journey was worth the effort. COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS PAGE 4 Why did immigrants move to America? PAGE 7 Name some countries immigrants came from initially. PAGE 12 What was life like for immigrants? PAGE 18 Make a general statement about education for immigrant children.

Genre: E-mail E-mail is short for “electronic mail”– messages sent over the Internet from on computer user to another. You can e-mail certain Web sites to gather information for school projects. Text features The address box gives vital information. The message looks like the body of a friendly letter. What information goes in the box labeled To: on pg. 131. What are the purposes of the buttons above the address box? Why did Rachel write her e-mail? What steps did Rachel follow to get her information?

Additional Resources Using Multiple Meanings Multiple Meaning Words Sequencing Cause and Effect Book List