Islam Chapter 10

Muhammad- about 570 a.d. Meditated in a cave Angel Gabrielle appears Asks Muhammad to become a messenger of God

Allah Arabic for God

Hijra/Hegira Mecca threatens to kill Muhammad Muhammad flees to Medina This is the first year of the Islamic calendar 622 A.D. ???? 1390

Medina Muhammad converts many people to his new religion Builds an army and defeats Mecca (Controversial!)

Five Pillars of Islam Basic beliefs of the Islamic religion

Five Pillars of Islam Belief in one god monotheism

Five Pillars of Islam 2. Daily prayer - in a mosque – Islamic holy place of worship - five times a day - must face Mecca

Five Pillars of Islam 3. Charity to the poor

Five Pillars of Islam 4. Must visit Mecca once in your lifetime - known as the Hajj - the Kaaba Read A “Pilgrimage to Mecca” Make a list of the rituals/traditions on the hajj-

Five Pillars of Islam 5. Fast during Ramadan - no food from sunrise to sunset

Hierarchy Islam has no hierarchy All believers are considered equal

Koran / Quran Holy book for the Muslims

Sharia Body of law based on the Koran

Women Women are considered spiritually equal to men They win more rights under Muslim rule

http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2002/04/afghan-girl/index-text

Jihad Literally- “to struggle.” Seen as a Religious Duty for Muslims

Islam spreads Middle East Northern Spain Into Spain *Battle of Tours Into Byzantine lands *Crusades

Islam Spreads…why? Have Camel cavalry Common faith unites tribes Equality

Non-Muslims in Muslim Empire Allow other religions to continue to practice in Muslim controlled lands What’s this called? They have to pay an extra non-Muslim tax

Caliph The successor to Muhammad

The split Muslims disagree on who would be the Caliph Sunni – believe the Caliph should be elected 90% of Muslims today are Sunni Shiite – believe the Caliph should be a descendant of Muhammad

Sufi- Whirling Dervishes

Baghdad Becomes the capital city of the Muslim Empire

Mosques Minarets – slender towers used to call Muslims to prayer Muezzin

Mosques No icons allowed in the mosque Decorated with Arabesque – intricate design of curved lines Calligraphy – fancy handwriting

____________ Time of prosperity and great achievements

Muslim Golden Age Massive trade occurs across the Muslim Empire

Muslim Golden Age Pioneer algebra

Muslim Golden Age Astronomy Calculated the circumference of the earth Translate writings of Greek philosophers

Muslim Golden Age Medicine Built hospitals Learn to treat cataracts Pharmacists Mix sweet syrups and gums in medicine Canon of medicine Encyclopedia on medicine

Muslim Golden Age Literature &Tales Aladdin and his magic lamp Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves

Muslim Golden Age All boys and girls receive an elementary education Must be able to read the Koran

Muslim Golden Age ART Use beautiful writing and patterns to decorate buildings and art Adapt Byzantine domes and arches Paint people and animals in nonreligious art

Crusades European Christians fight Muslims for control of Jerusalem and other lands

Spread of ideas Warfare! Crusades & Battle of Tours Muslim ideas spread into Christian lands

Section 4: Muslims in India Muslim Turks take northern India Muslims are led by Tamerlane MAIN IDEA- CULTURAL DIFFUSION! There’s a shocker!

Muslim Turks invade northern India The Indians are divided Why would some Indian people like Islam? Who? Low caste Indians like Muslim ideas of equality

Muslims in India The Gupta Empire falls India is broken up into local kingdoms

Sultan A Muslim ruler

Muslim rule The Muslims destroy Hindu and Buddhist temples They impose the non-Muslim tax

Mongols -Will battle the Muslims in the East -They take Baghdad and loot it -Eventually convert to Islam What religion were the Mongols before they converted?

Empire crumbles The Muslim Empire slowly crumbles after the fall of Baghdad The Empire breaks up into a number of Muslim controlled lands with a Sultan

Babur Takes over the rest of India Begins the Mongol dynasty over all of India: Called the Mughal dynasty Mughal- 1526-1857 Mughal is Persian for Mongol

Akbar the Great Babur’s grandson Created a strong central government Ended the non-Muslim tax Strengthened the Empire

Shah Jahan Akbar’s grandson Builds a tomb for his wife called the Taj Mahal Planned to build another for himself but his son overthrew him and put him in prison until he died

SIKHISM Cultural Diffusion???

“The Age of Gunpowder Empires” 1450-1650 Mughal Empire in India Ottoman Empire Safavid Empire

The Ottoman Empire Begun by the Turks

Ottoman Expansion Takes over Constantinople in 1453 Led by Muhammad II Renames it Istanbul Becomes the capital of the Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Golden Age Ruled over by Suleiman the Magnificent Strengthened government Improved the system of law Based on the Sharia

Ottoman Social Structure Men of the Pen (scholars) Men of the Sword (warriors) Men of Negotiation (merchants) Men of Husbandry (farmers and artisans)

Christians in the Ottoman Empire Christians were forced to hand over their youngest sons The sons were sent to military school Converted to Islam Became the Janizaries – elite warriors

European domination By the 1700s Europe was advancing in military, economic and conquest The Ottoman Empire lagged behind and would eventually fall to the Allies during WWI

What is the point of the editorial cartoon?