Communication and Exchange Networks Key Concept 3.1 Communication and Exchange Networks Expansion, Intensification, and Innovations

"Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade, and expanded the geographical range of existing and newly active trade networks." New trade routes centering on Mesoamerica and the Andes developed.

New Trading Cities Novgorod (Russia) Timbuktu The Swahili city-states Hangzhou Calicut (a.k.a. Kozhikode) Baghdad Melaka Venice Tenochtitlan Cahokia River port of Hangzhou

Growth of Trade in Luxury Goods Silk and cotton textiles Porcelain Spices Precious metals and gems Slaves Exotic animals

Transportation/Commercial Technologies: Caravan Organization Caravanserai Camel Saddles

New Forms of Credit and Monetization Bills of exchange Credit Checks Banking houses http://www.ancientmoney.org/

State Practices Minting of coins Use of paper money Grand Canal in China

Trading Organizations Hanseatic League

Expansion of Empires How does the expansion of an empire influence trade and communications? China The Byzantine Empire The Caliphates The Mongols

Environmental Knowledge and Technological Adaptations The way Scandinavian Vikings used their longships to travel in coastal and open waters as well as in rivers and estuaries The way the Arabs and Berbers adapted camels to travel across and around the Sahara The way Central Asian pastoral groups used horses to travel in the steppes

Migrations and Their Environmental Impacts • The migration of Bantu-speaking peoples who facilitated transmission of iron technologies and agricultural techniques in Sub-Saharan Africa • The maritime migrations of the Polynesian peoples who cultivated transplanted foods and domesticated animals as they moved to new islands

Diffusion of Languages The spread of Bantu languages including Swahili   The spread of Turkic and Arabic languages

Cross-Cultural Exchanges- Islam Based on revelations of the 'prophet' Muhammad Arabian peninsula Reflected interactions among Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians Military Expansion Also spread through trade activity and missionaries

Diasporic Communities Cultural traditions were introduced into indigenous cultures Muslim merchant communities in the Indian Ocean region Chinese merchant communities in Southeast Asia Sogdian merchant communities throughout Central Asia Jewish communities in the Mediterranean, Indian Ocean basin, or along the Silk Road

Interregional Travelers Ibn Battuta Marco Polo Xuanzang

Diffusion of Literary, Artistic, and Cultural Traditions The influence of Neoconfucianism and Buddhism in East Asia Hinduism and Buddhism in Southeast Asia Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia Toltec/Mexica and Inca traditions in Mesoamerica and Andean America

Diffusion of Scientific and Technological Traditions The influence of Greek and Indian mathematics on Muslim scholars The return of Greek science and philosophy to Western Europe via Muslim al-Andalus in Iberia The spread of printing and gunpowder technologies from East Asia into the Islamic empires and Western Europe

New Foods and New Diseases Bananas in Africa New rice varieties in East Asia The spread of cotton, sugar, and citrus throughout Dar al-Islam and the Mediterranean basin The spread of epidemic diseases, including the Black Death, followed the well established paths of trade and military conquest.

Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and Their Interactions Key Concept 3.2 Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and Their Interactions

Empires Collapse and Reconstitute Combined traditional sources of power and legitimacy with innovations Patriarchy Religion Land-owning elites

Islamic States Abbasids Muslim Iberia Delhi Sultanates

City-States In the Italian peninsula In East Africa In Southeast Asia In the Americas What are city-states?

Synthesis by States Persian traditions that influenced Islamic states   Chinese traditions that influenced states in Japan

Technological and Cultural Transfers Between Tang China and the Abbasids Across the Mongol empires During the Crusades

Increased Economic Productive Capacity and Its Consequences Key Concept 3.3 Increased Economic Productive Capacity and Its Consequences

Increased Agricultural Production -> Technological Innovations Champa rice varieties The chinampa field systems Waru waru agricultural techniques in the Andean areas Improved terracing techniques The horse collar Horse collar (early form of harness) Terracing in China

Crops were transported from their indigenous homelands to equivalent climates in other regions. Chinese, Persian, and Indian artisans and merchants expanded their production of textiles and porcelains for export Industrial production of iron and steel expanded in China.

Factors of Decline • Invasions • Disease • The decline of agricultural productivity • The Little Ice Age  As older cities declined, numerous new cities emerged to take on established roles

Factors of Revival The end of invasions The availability of safe and reliable transport The rise of commerce and the warmer temperatures between  800 and 1300 Increased agricultural productivity and subsequent rising population Greater availability of labor also contributed to urban growth

Labor Organization • Free peasant agriculture • Nomadic pastoralism • Craft production and guild organization • Various forms of coerced and unfree labor • Government-imposed labor taxes • Military obligations

Social Structures Still shaped by class, caste, and/or hierarchy Patriarchy, BUT In some areas women gained power and influence, such as: The Mongols West Africa Japan Southeast Asia 

Slaves and Peasants New forms of coerced labor Serfdom Mit'a Demand for slaves for military and domestic purposes increased Free peasants resisted attempts to raise dues and taxes by staging revolts. Areas: China The Byzantine Empire Diffusion of  Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Neoconfucianism often led to significant changes in gender relations and family structure.

CCOT Identify important changes/continuities for each of the following regions: Europe, Middle East, South Asia, East Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa Identify CCOT in terms of SPICE

Review Questions: Compare the impact of the Mongol Empire on cultures and institutions in Eastern Europe, Middle East, and East Asia Contrast the economic, social, cultural, and political role of cities such as Guangzhou (Canton), Samarkand, Timbuktu, Cairo, and Venice played vital roles in the development of in the period 1100-1368. Choose two the urban centers and analyze how their location, and other factors, contributed to their role as a member of the interregional networks of this era. Compare schisms in Christianity (Roman Catholic-Orthodox) and Islam (Sunni-Shia). Compare and contrast the developments in political and social institutions in two of the following regions from 600 to 1450: Pre-Columbian Americas, Eastern Europe, Western Europe, Islamic World, East Asia, South Asia. Compare the significance of Indian Ocean trade patterns to those of the so-called “Silk Road” and the trans-Saharan caravan routes.  Do land-based transportation networks impact adjacent peoples differently from maritime networks?  The era of 600-1450 was marked by different forms of treatment of women and the different roles they played in society. Choose two different cultures below and compare and contrast the role and treatment of women in them. East Asia        Americas        Western Europe        Sub-Saharan Africa Middle East Compare and contrast the impact of Islam on two gender systems in sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia or South Asia. Compare and contrast the social, cultural, political and economic structures of the Aztec Empire and Inca Empire. Compare and contrast European and sub-Saharan African contacts with the Islamic world Describe and analyze the cultural, economic, and political impact of Islam on ONE of the following regions between 1000 CE and 1750 CE. Be sure to discuss continuities as well as changes: West Africa, South Asia, Europe