The Influence of Music on Human Heartbeat Jimmy Hurley Grade 9 Central Catholic High School

Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to see how different genres of music effect the heartbeat of human males and females.

Introduction: Heartbeat Heartbeat: the frequency of the cardiac cycle. Cardiac Cycle: all of the events related to the flow of blood pressure and from the beginning of one heartbeat to the next. Average heart rate for adult humans: 60 to 100 beats per minute. Things that effect heartbeat: exercise, body position, body size, medication use, illness, music, stress, breathing, pressure, and dehydration.

Introduction: Music Music: A performing art that's medium sound and silence. Elements of music are pitch (melody and harmony), rhythm (tempo, meter, and articulation), and dynamics (timbre and texture.) Originated during the Paleolithic area, also called the Old Stone Age.

Past Study-Oxford University and Harvard Health Letter Research at Oxford University showed that music with a faster tempo increased the heart beat. Research for the Harvard Health letter was done at the Massachusetts General Hospital and in medical facilities in Hong Kong showed that people who listen to music 20 to 30 minutes everyday had lower blood pressure than those who did not.

Hypotheses Null Hypothesis- The music will not have an effect on the heart rate. Alternative Hypothesis- The music will have a significant effect on the heart rate.

Materials iPad iPhone Music from different genres 10 human participants (5 male, 5 female) Chairs

Songs Tears in Heaven- Soft Blues Music (Eric Clapton) My Latin Brother- Jazz Music (Marty Ashby) Cruise- Country Music (Florida-Georgia Line) Sweet Caroline- Pop Music (Neil Diamond) Crazy Train- Rock Music (Ozzy Osbourne)

Tears in Heaven Written by Eric Clapton and Will Jennings in 1991 Written for his four year old son who fell out of a 53 story window and died. One of Clapton’s biggest hits.

My Latin Brother Cover done by Marty Ashby Written by George Benson, jazz guitarist, in 1974 Off the album Bad Benson

Sweet Caroline Written by Neil Diamond in 1969 Went platinum Played at Boston Red Sox baseball games, Carolina Panthers, and University of Pittsburgh football games

Cruise Written by Florida-Georgia Line in 2012 Number one country song of 2013

Crazy Train Written by Ozzy Osbourne in 1980 and released in 1995 Guitar solo in it was ranked 9 th all time by Guitar World Magazine

Procedure A list of five songs were prepared to perform this experiment. All of the participants sat down (five males and female) quietly. After ten minutes of quiet, the participants took their resting pulse beat for a minutes. Then, the participants recorded their beat on a piece of paper provided. Next, the first song was played for two minutes. Right after the song ended, the participants took their pulse beat for a minute and recorded it. Five minutes later, the participants took their pulse beat again for a minute. Ten minutes after the song ended, the next song was played.

Procedure (cont.) The process was repeated until all songs were played and all pulse beats were recorded. Then, four more replicates with the same songs and the same procedure were done.

Music Effects of Male Graph After Song

Male Graph 5 Minutes Later

Female Graph After Song

Female Graph After 5 Minutes

Variance Between Male and Female

Data Analysis Used ANOVA to determine variations between the control and means groups. Then, Dunnett’s test was used to determine variations within groups. T crit- 3.62

Male 1 Results SongTears in Heaven My Latin Brother Sweet CarolineCruiseCrazy Train After Song t value

Male 2 Results SongTears in Heaven My Latin Brother Sweet CarolineCruiseCrazy Train After Song T value

Male 3 Results SongTears in HeavenMy Latin Brother Sweet CarolineCruiseCrazy train After Song t value

Male 4 Results SongTears in Heaven My Latin Brother Sweet CarolineCruiseCrazy Train After Song t value

Male 5 Results SongTears in HeavenMy Latin Brother Sweet CarolineCruiseCrazy Train After Song t value min later t value

Female 1 Results SongTears in HeavenMy Latin Brother Sweet CarolineCruiseCrazy Train After Song t value

Female 2 Results SongTears in Heaven My Latin Brother Sweet CarolineCruiseCrazy Train After song t value

Female 3 Results SongTears in Heaven My Latin Brother Sweet CarolineCruiseCrazy Train After Song t value

Female 4 Results SongTears in HeavenMy Latin Brother Sweet CarolineCruiseCrazy Train After Song t value

Female 5 Results SongTears in HeavenMy Latin Brother Sweet CarolineCruiseCrazy Train After Song t value

Conclusions The null hypothesis should be rejected. The music did have an effect on the heartbeat of the people. The alternate hypothesis should be accepted. The women had a higher pulse beat than men. Sweet Caroline, Cruise, and Crazy Train had the greatest effects.

Limitations and Extensions Subjects may have not liked the song and did not respond to it like expected. The taking of the pulse was done manually, so they may be inaccurate. In future studies: more songs will be tested and more people will be tested. A pulse beat recorder will be used for each participant as well.

References Roth, Erica. Relationship Between Music and Heart Rate. Livestrong.com, n.d. Web. William and Regina Bailey. Music Science Project. Crystal-Clear-Science-Fair-Projects.com Web.

Anova: Single Factor SUMMARY GroupsCountSum Avera ge Varia nce Column Column Column Column Column Column ANOVA Source of VariationSSdfMSF P- valueF crit Between Groups E Within Groups Total Male 1 Age 59 Anova: Single Factor SUMMARY GroupsCountSum Avera ge Varian ce Column Column Column Column Column Column ANOVA Source of VariationSSdfMSF P- valueF crit Between Groups Within Groups96244 Total Male 3 Age 53 Anova: Single Factor SUMMARY GroupsCountSum Averag e Varianc e Column Column Column Column Column Column ANOVA Source of VariationSSdfMSFP-valueF crit Between Groups E Within Groups Total Male 2 Age 49

Anova: Single Factor SUMMARY GroupsCountSum Avera ge Varia nce Column Column Column Column Column Column ANOVA Source of VariationSSdfMSF P- valueF crit Between Groups E Within Groups Total Male 4 Age 51 Anova: Single Factor SUMMARY GroupsCountSum Avera ge Varian ce Column Column Column Column Column Column ANOVA Source of VariationSSdfMSF P- valueF crit Between Groups Within Groups Total Male 5 Age 58 Anova: Single Factor SUMMARY GroupsCountSum Avera ge Varia nce Column Column Column Column Column Column ANOVA Source of VariationSSdfMSF P- valueF crit Between Groups E Within Groups Total Female 1 Age 47 Anova: Single Factor SUMMARY Groups Coun tSum Aver age Varia nce Column Column Column Column Column Column ANOVA Source of VariationSSdfMSF P- valueF crit Between Groups E Within Groups Total Female 2 Age 58

Anova: Single Factor SUMMARY GroupsCountSum Avera ge Varia nce Column Column Column Column Column Column ANOVA Source of VariationSSdfMSF P- valueF crit Between Groups Within Groups Total Female 3 Age 56 Anova: Single Factor SUMMARY GroupsCountSum Averag e Varianc e Column Column Column Column Column Column ANOVA Source of VariationSSdfMSFP-valueF crit Between Groups E Within Groups Total Female 4 Age 53 Anova: Single Factor SUMMARY GroupsCountSumAverageVariance Column Column Column Column Column Column ANOVA Source of VariationSSdfMSFP-valueF crit Between Groups Within Groups Total Female 5 Age 42