UNIT 3 – ENERGY AND POWER 3-6 UNIT 3 Topics Covered IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 UNIT 3 – ENERGY AND POWER UNIT 3 Topics Covered Energy Sources – Fuels and Power Plants Trigonometry and Vectors Classical Mechanics: Force, Work, Energy, and Power Impacts of Current Generation and Use

Power Plants 3-6 Types of Power Plants IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants Types of Power Plants The engine, motor, and related parts Supplies the motive power of a self-propelled object Produces a kinetic energy output from a fuel source input Electricity generating station Typically what is referred to by “power plant” Mechanical, heat, chemical, solar sources http://sungrant.oregonstate.edu/docs/Biowaste_working_group_whitepaper.pdf http://www.oilgae.com/

Power Plants 3-6 Why Study Power Plants? IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants Why Study Power Plants? Insight into the fundamental operation of most engineered technologies Application of scientific and mathematical principles in real-world problem-solving situations http://sungrant.oregonstate.edu/docs/Biowaste_working_group_whitepaper.pdf http://www.oilgae.com/

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Terminology IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants – Engines Terminology Combustion – the burning of fuel with an oxidizer Oxidizer – a chemical compound that transfers oxygen atoms – a typical oxidizer is ambient air Ambient – surrounding, environmental, atmospheric External combustion engine (ECE) – heat engine that derives heat from fuel consumed outside engine Internal combustion engine (ICE) – heat engine that derives heat from combustion of fuel within engine, instead of in external furnace Thermodynamics – physics that deals with the mechanical action or relations of heat http://sungrant.oregonstate.edu/docs/Biowaste_working_group_whitepaper.pdf http://www.oilgae.com/

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines Historically – engine referred to device that converted force into motion Catapult, battering ram, and other siege weapons Mills – grinding Water mill, wind mill, horse mill, treadmill al-Jazari – invented crankshaft and connecting rod, one of the most important mech. technologies after wheel 1698 – first practical steam powered engine – Thomas Savery http://sungrant.oregonstate.edu/docs/Biowaste_working_group_whitepaper.pdf http://www.oilgae.com/

Types of Engines and Uses Power Plants – Engines IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines and Uses External Combustion (EC) Engines: Steam – steam locomotives; turbines in electricity stations Internal Combustion (IC) Engines: Four-stroke: cars, trucks, motorcycles, construction machinery, airplanes Two-stroke: moped, dirt bike, chainsaw, trimmer, motor boat, lawnmowers, go-karts Diesel: 50% new cars in europe, submarines, ships, locomotives, large trucks/machinery Gas Turbine Engines: Power plants and airplanes

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Reciprocating Engines: IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines Reciprocating Engines: Reciprocate: to move forward and backward alternately Pistons move linearly, forward and backward, in reciprocating engines. A crank converts linear motion into rotational motion.

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Steam Engine Steam IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. Steam Engine Steam Molecules of gases are further apart than molecules in liquids and solids Vaporized water (steam) takes up more space than liquid water

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. Steam Engine (continued) History 75 C.E. Hero of Alexandria – mathematician Presented plans for simple steam engine 1679 Denis Papin of France – pressure cooker 1698 Thomas Savery, English military engineer – Miner’s Friend pumped water out of coal mines 1712 Newcomen Engine, improved Savery’s design http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blotto.htm http://www.incois.gov.in/Tutor/science+society/lectures/illustrations/lecture21/newcomen.html

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. Steam Engine (cont.) History (cont.) 1765 James Watt (Scotland) – mathematician, inventor, instrument maker, engineer Modern steam engine credited to Watt 1804 Arthur Woolf (England) – compound steam engine Increases the efficiency of the engine by reusing the steam in additional cylinders. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Triple_expansion_engine_animation.gif

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Steam Engine (cont) Steam Locomotive IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. Steam Engine (cont) Steam Locomotive 1770s – tracks laid for horses to pull carts 1804 – steam-powered engine 1820s – “Father of Railways” George Stephenson – civil and mechanical engineer Builds first public railway lines Harnessing steam power made the Industrial Revolution possible http://science.howstuffworks.com/steam-technology5.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson#Early_locomotives

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. Steam Engine (cont) Operation – PISTON High pressure steam enters HP steam pushes piston Valve rod shifts HP steam pushes piston in reverse direction Original steam, now cooled, exits through exhaust: Choo-choo-choo-choo-choo http://science.howstuffworks.com/steam.htm/printable

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. Steam Engine (cont) Operation – PISTON Coal Exhaust Steam Exhaust http://science.howstuffworks.com/steam.htm/printable

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. Steam Engine (cont) Operation – BOILER Coal burned in furnace Hot gasses boil water Steam moves to cylinder, gases exhaust through smokestack Fire-tube Boiler (past) Water-tube Boiler (modern) http://science.howstuffworks.com/steam.htm/printable

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. Steam Engine (cont) Operation – COMPOUND STEAM ENGINE Engineers’ objective is to harness as much of the energy in the burning fuel as possible. Compound steam engine reuses exhaust steam/fuel as much as possible (3 times below). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Triple_expansion_engine_animation.gif

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. Steam Engine (cont) Explain what you see… http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Walschaerts_motion.gif&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotive&usg=__DiCPt5QllSxeG1MFyCwgS2p0stM=&h=167&w=549&sz=255&hl=en&start=31&um=1&tbnid=VGHkpbX8lEKQeM:&tbnh=40&tbnw=133&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsteam%2Blocomotive%2Boperation%2Banimation%26start%3D20%26ndsp%3D20%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26sa%3DN

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. Steam Engine (cont) Explain what you see… http://www.confectionerycapers.com/images/locomotive%20operation.gif

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. Steam Engine (cont) Explain what you see… http://www.confectionerycapers.com/steam_engine_animation.htm

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. Steam Engine (cont) Explain what you see… http://animations.technologydiamonds.com/

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Reciprocating Engines: IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines Reciprocating Engines: Reciprocate: to move forward and backward alternately Pistons move linearly, forward and backward, in reciprocating engines. A crank converts linear motion into rotational motion.

Types of Engines and Uses Power Plants – Engines IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines and Uses External Combustion (EC) Engines: Steam – steam locomotives; turbines in electricity stations Internal Combustion (IC) Engines: Four-stroke: cars, trucks, motorcycles, construction machinery, airplanes Two-stroke: moped, dirt bike, chainsaw, trimmer, motor boat, lawnmowers, go-karts Diesel: 50% new cars in europe, submarines, ships, locomotives, large trucks/machinery Gas Turbine Engines: Power plants and airplanes

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – IC IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines – IC Spark Ignition – FOUR STROKE Otto Engine / Otto Cycle Nicolaus Otto first to develop functioning 4-stroke engine – 1877 Uses spark plugs to ignite fuel/air mixture http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blotto.htm

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – IC IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines – IC Spark Ignition – FOUR STROKE Cycle begins at Top Dead Center (TDC) Intake – fuel and air enter cylinder Compression – fuel mixture under pressure Combustion – causes expansion against piston Exhaust – cooled combustion products exhausted Cylinders fire once every other revolution http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Two-stroke

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – IC 7 IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines – IC 7 Spark Ignition I.C.E. – FOUR STROKE Identify the following components: Piston Connecting rod Crankshaft Valves Spark plug Cams Cam shaft Cylinder Block Crank Case Oil Galleries 6 6 5 4 4 10 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Four_stroke_cycle_compression.jpg 1 8 2 9 3

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – IC IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines – IC Spark Ignition – TWO STROKE Does not have valves – simplifies construction and lowers weight Fire once every revolution, instead of every other (4-stroke) – power boost Work in any physical orientation (4-stroke limited due to oil flow) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-stroke_engine

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – IC IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines – IC Spark Ignition – TWO STROKE Expansion/Transfer/Exhaust Spark ignition Intake port exposed Exhaust forced out Compression/Charging Compression of air/fuel/oil mixture Fuel pulled into crankcase by vacuum – “charging” http://www.keveney.com/twostroke.html

Returns unused fuel to cylinder, and charges cylinder IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants – Engines Types of Engines – IC Spark Ignition – TWO STROKE Can you identify the strokes? Notice in this animation the “return positive pressure” What purpose does it fulfill? Returns unused fuel to cylinder, and charges cylinder http://www.keveney.com/twostroke.html

Compression Ignition – not spark ignition IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants – Engines Types of Engines – IC Diesel Ignition Compression Ignition – not spark ignition Spark ignition – Piston compresses air/fuel mixture, spark ignites combustion. Amount of pressure is limited (early combustion bad) Compression ignition – Piston compresses air (fuel is not mixed) Fuel injected into hot compressed air – initiates combustion

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – IC IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants – Engines Types of Engines – IC Diesel Ignition (cont.) Early gasoline engines very inefficient Greater power and efficiency available at higher pressures Rudolf Diesel – patented engine by 1892 Student of Polytechnic High School of Germany Fuel has higher energy density than gasoline Fuel emits fewer greenhouse gases Fuel emits greater N-gases and soot

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – IC Diesel Engine IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines – IC Diesel Engine No spark plug 4-stroke engine Air intake Compression Fuel injection / Combustion Exhaust http://www.keveney.com/twostroke.html

Power Plants – Engines Engines – Cylinders Typically, the larger the number of cylinders, the more powerful the engine. Engine power is determined by volumetric displacement The combined volume of all cylinders Example: 5 Liters, 308 Cubic Inches, 250 cc’s, etc. W / “3-bank” http://www.ul.ie/~kirwanp/linkstoanimations.htm http://auto.howstuffworks.com/engine2.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_engine Straight/inline 4 V6 Flat 4

Power Plants – Engines Engines – Cams IOT POLY ENGINEERING Power Plants – Engines Engines – Cams Cam – lobe that forces open valves Camshaft – cylindrical rod that runs length of cylinder bank Explain valve operation: http://www.ul.ie/~kirwanp/linkstoanimations.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camshaft

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Gasoline IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants – Engines Gasoline Petroleum-derived liquid mixture, primarily fuel in internal combustion engines (not external combustion or gas turbine engines) Enhanced with additives to tune performance and reduce emissions Enhanced with isooctane to prevent engine “knocking” http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/non-renewable/naturalgas.html#HOWWEGETIT “same” 8 hydrocarbon

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Gasoline – Octane Rating IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants – Engines Gasoline – Octane Rating Engine Knocking – when combustion occurs in the cylinder at the wrong time Not due to spark plug igniting incorrectly Due to pressure exploding fuel before plug ignites Octane Rating – the higher the rating, the less knocking High performance cars operate at higher pressures – require higher octane. Standard performance cars – higher octane is a waste of $ http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/non-renewable/naturalgas.html#HOWWEGETIT

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Engine Oil Lubricates moving parts IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants – Engines Engine Oil Lubricates moving parts Creates separating film between surfaces Minimizes direct contact between parts Decreases friction, wear, excess heat Prevents the waste of useful power and the degradation of the engine, and increases efficiency Cleans and inhibits corrosion – metallic parts and sludge carried out of engine to oil filter http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/non-renewable/naturalgas.html#HOWWEGETIT

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Engine Oil IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants – Engines Engine Oil Improves sealing – keeps fuel and combustion in the right place Cools the engine – carries heat away from moving parts Oil Galleries: Small passages in cylinder block Allow oil to flow to moving parts http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/non-renewable/naturalgas.html#HOWWEGETIT

Oil starts in the sump/pan Pump sends oil through filter Oil enters galleries Oil lubricates main bearings and camshaft bearings Lubricates crankshaft and rods Seals piston rings http://www.kic-oil.com/images/Engine%20Oil%20Bible%20(Tech%20Article)_html_m36ab91ab.jpg http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.installuniversity.com/install_university/installu_graphics/freshman_year/engine_oil_change/engine_oil_filler_cap.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.installuniversity.com/install_university/installu_pages/freshman_year/engine_oil_change.htm&usg=__xhl7DieY85ai1H6-R3Ffe4Tw3SU=&h=432&w=576&sz=59&hl=en&start=13&um=1&tbnid=hn78IIkX-WMLKM:&tbnh=101&tbnw=134&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dengine%2Boil%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26sa%3DN

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Engine Oil Filler Cap Oil Pan Drain Bolt IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants – Engines Engine Oil Filler Cap http://www.installuniversity.com/install_university/installu_pages/freshman_year/engine_oil_change.htm Oil Pan Drain Bolt Images: www.installuniversity.com

POWER-TO-WEIGHT RATIO: Power Plants – Engines IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines – Aircraft Engines In-line engine Early aircraft, including Wright Brothers’. Advantage: narrow frontal area for low drag Disadvantage: Poor power-to-weight ratio (heavy crankcase and crankshaft) In ALL engines, we want a high power-to-weight ratio. POWER-TO-WEIGHT RATIO: amount of power you get out of the engine compared to the weight of the engine itself P Wt

Types of Engines – Aircraft Engines Power Plants – Engines IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines – Aircraft Engines Rotary engine i.c.e. Early WWI Cylinders around crankcase, crankshaft bolted to airframe Entire engine rotates with the propeller Advantages: Lightweight, powerful, cheap, easy to manufacture Disadvantage: Difficult to fly, spread oil over plane http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_engine http://www.diracdelta.co.uk/science/source/r/o/rotary%20engine/9cyl-rotary-001.jpg

Types of Engines – Aircraft Engines Power Plants – Engines IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines – Aircraft Engines Radial engine i.c.e. Post WWI Cylinders around crankcase, bolted to airframe Propeller rotates with crankshaft Advantages: Good P/W ratio, cools evenly, runs smoothly Disadvantage: blunt and aerodynamically inefficient profile http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_engine http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_engine

Types of Engines – Gas Turbine Power Plants – Engines IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines – Gas Turbine Gas Turbine 1934: first “free-piston engine” http://www.its.uni-karlsruhe.de/english/ITS-Profil.php http://science.howstuffworks.com/ http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/Animation/airpar/Images/aroll.gif

Types of Engines – Gas Turbine Power Plants – Engines IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines – Gas Turbine Compressor Compresses incoming air to high pressure (up to 30 times) 2) Combustion Area Burns fuel and produces high pressure, high velocity gas 3) Turbine Extracts energy from combustion http://science.howstuffworks.com/

Types of Engines – Gas Turbine Power Plants – Engines IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines – Gas Turbine Gas Turbine (cont.) Advantages: High power-to-weight ratio Smaller than reciprocating engines of same power Disadvantages: Expensive High speeds and temperatures – materials More fuel while “idling” http://science.howstuffworks.com/

Types of Engines – Gas Turbine Power Plants – Engines IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines – Gas Turbine Gas Turbine (cont.) Uses: Jet Engines Electrical Generation Other Vehicles Tanks Naval Vessels Automobiles http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbine#Types_of_gas_turbines

Types of Engines – Gas Turbine Power Plants – Engines Types of Engines – Gas Turbine Gas Turbine (cont.) Turbine Jet Engine THRUST http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbine#Types_of_gas_turbines

Types of Engines – Gas Turbine Power Plants – Engines Types of Engines – Gas Turbine Gas Turbine (continued) Turbofan http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbine#Types_of_gas_turbines THRUST

Types of Engines – Other Types Power Plants – Engines IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines – Other Types Other types of engines Bourke Wankel Sterling Carnot Heat Engine Controlled Combustion IRIS Engine Five-stroke Six-stroke http://science.howstuffworks.com/

Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Petroleum Distillation http://img.alibaba.com/photo/12033517/Crude_Oil_Refinery_Products_.jpg

Power Plants – Power Stations IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 Background

Power Plants – Power Stations IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 Background What electricity is used for: Heating, cooking, cooling, light, sound, computers, communication, entertainment… Distribution grid: Our focus http://www.howstuffworks.com/power.htm

Power Plants – Power Stations IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 Typical Operation Fuel is used to produce heat energy Water is heated and boiled to steam High pressure steam enters and spins turbines (Turbines convert steam into mechanical energy) Turbines turn electrical generator (electricity is created) Electricity is transmitted via cables through power grid http://www.howstuffworks.com/power.htm 2 1 5 3 4

Power Plants – Power Stations IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 Power Plants – Power Stations Alternative Operation Alternative energy source (e.g. water, wind) spins turbines Turbines turn electrical generator Electricity is transmitted via cables through power grid 1 http://www.howstuffworks.com/power.htm 3 2

Power Plants – Power Stations IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 Types of Power Stations – Non-renewable Fossil Fuel Power Plant – Coal Prime mover is steam turbine Flue gas exhausted to atmosphere Waste heat released to atmosphere – cooling towers 2nd law of thermodynamics – not all heat can be converted into mechanical form to do work, some heat will be wasted A power plant cannot be 100% efficient http://www.howstuffworks.com/power.htm

Power Plants – Power Stations Types of Power Stations – Non-renewable Fossil Fuel Power Plant – Coal (cont.) Flue 7 5 4 http://www.eas.asu.edu/~holbert/eee463/coalart.gif 1 3 6 2 Waste Heat

Power Plants – Power Stations IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 Power Plants – Power Stations Types of Power Stations – Non-renewable Fossil Fuel Power Plant – Petroleum and Natural Gas Prime mover is gas turbine http://www.eas.asu.edu/~holbert/eee463/FOSSIL.HTML#Coal

Power Plants – Power Stations IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 Power Plants – Power Stations Waste heat (options): Cooling Towers: Released to atmosphere Combined Cycle: Recycled in secondary boiler http://www.eas.asu.edu/~holbert/eee463/FOSSIL.HTML#Coal

Power Plants – Power Stations IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 TERTIARY LOOP SECONDARY LOOP PRIMARY LOOP Cooling water from outside source; gets hot as it condenses steam Released in cooling tower Nuclear Power Plant Closed-loop reactor Control rods inserted to decrease chain reaction (control rods absorb neutrons, which slows reaction) Heated reactor water boils secondary loop of water in boiler (steam generator) http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.freeinfosociety.com/images/science/nuclearenergy1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.freeinfosociety.com/site.php%3Fpostnum%3D3115&usg=__x8wqqN0V5uyu_HXat8Z-iicSBb4=&h=299&w=612&sz=28&hl=en&start=3&um=1&tbnid=WtC6Zhde0KAmSM:&tbnh=66&tbnw=136&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnuclear%2Bpower%2Bplant%2Bdiagram%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26sa%3DG Steam spins turbine Electricity generated to grid

Containment Structure IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 Steam Turbine Generator Condenser Cooling Tower Containment Structure Reactor Boiler Nuclear Power Plant (continued) http://www.allforpower.com/CustomFiles/Image/2007/AFP107/afp107_svar_01.jpg

Power Plants – Power Stations IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 Types of Power Stations – Renewable Energy Solar Power Plant Total solar energy absorbed by earth in 1 hour is more than world uses in a year 1 year of solar energy is as much as twice the amount of energy derived from all non-renewables on Earth All renewables (except geothermal) derive energy from the Sun (e.g., wind, biomass, hydro, wave…) Sun’s warmth and light Passive collection – capturing warmth and light through design Active collection – using technology to transform solar energy into electricity http://www.alternate-energy-sources.com/what-is-renewable-energy.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy

Power Plants – Power Stations IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 Types of Power Stations – Renewable Energy Solar Power Plant – PASSIVE COLLECTION Architecture – designing structures Face buildings south Solar water heating http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/images/atmosphere/energy/earth_orientation_small.jpg http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.solcomhouse.com/images/pass.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.solcomhouse.com/solarpower.htm&usg=__Ji4HzM4hAKnpNdKJ_lNHhaEgNoo=&h=315&w=484&sz=54&hl=en&start=18&um=1&tbnid=LfFUlBq9yEqqkM:&tbnh=84&tbnw=129&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dhouse%2Bface%2Bsouth%2Bsolar%2Benergy%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26sa%3DG http://www.jeffvail.net/uploaded_images/house1-764319.gif http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy

Power Plants – Power Stations IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 Types of Power Stations – Renewable Energy Solar Power Plant – PASSIVE COLLECTION (cont.) Agriculture – growing food Fruit walls (trap heat and accelerate ripening) Timed planting cycles Drying chicken manure Greenhouses http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laeken_Greenhouses.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:103_2934.JPG http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.stmarysbramber.co.uk/images/secret_door.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.stmarysbramber.co.uk/gardens.htm&usg=__HUXnL7B12qOpLX0mtN_ajAViTkI=&h=400&w=300&sz=38&hl=en&start=5&um=1&tbnid=iNBmLY6U-iibQM:&tbnh=124&tbnw=93&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dfruit%2Bwall%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26sa%3DG

Power Plants – Power Stations IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 Types of Power Stations – Renewable Energy Solar Power Plant – PASSIVE COLLECTION (cont.) Other Uses Water treatment – UV filter Cooking – focuses heat directly or creates steam http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indonesia-sodis-gross.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Auroville_Solar_Bowl.JPG

Power Plants – Power Stations IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 Types of Power Stations – Renewable Energy Solar Power Plant – ACTIVE COLLECTION Photovoltaics (PV) Photovoltaic Effect – converts light into electric current 1880s – first solar cell 1958 – first significant application – Vanguard I satellite 1960s – PV established power source for satellites http://teams.eas.muohio.edu/solarpower/WhatIsSolarPower.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy http://www.solarserver.de/solarmagazin/images/hemau_luft1.jpg Hamau Solar Park, Germany

Power Plants – Power Stations IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 Types of Power Stations – Renewable Energy Solar Power Plant – ACTIVE COLLECTION (cont.) Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Use lenses, mirrors, trackers to focus large area of sunlight into small beam Solar troughs – most cost-effective Parabolic reflector – most efficient http://science.howstuffworks.com/thermal-technology1.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PS10_solar_power_tower http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Solar_updraft_tower.svg http://www.grassrootsstore.com/ProductImages/W9978-LRG.jpg

Power Plants – Power Stations Types of Power Stations – Renewable Energy Solar Power Plant – ACTIVE COLLECTION (cont.) Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Solar tower – traps heat, creates steam for turbines Solar updraft tower – combines chimney, greenhouse, wind turbine http://science.howstuffworks.com/thermal-technology1.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PS10_solar_power_tower http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Solar_updraft_tower.svg http://www.grassrootsstore.com/ProductImages/W9978-LRG.jpg

Power Plants – Power Stations IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 Types of Power Stations – Renewable Energy Wind Power Plant Sun influences weather processes that create wind Converts wind energy into electricity using turbines History >5,500 yrs ago – sailboats and natural ventilation 600s, Afghanistan – vertical shaft mills grind grain 1100s, Europe – horizontal shaft mills grind wheat U.S. – used for irrigation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power http://www.worldofenergy.com.au/factsheet_wind/07_fact_wind_types.html

Sketch and label this diagram Power Plants – Power Stations IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 Types of Power Stations – Renewable Energy Wind Power Plant (cont.) Blades – propellers mounted on masts are pitched (angled) Gear Box – connects low-speed shaft to high-speed shaft to increase rpm from ~50 to ~1200 Generator – converts mechanical energy of high-speed shaft to electrical energy http://www.mercury.co.nz/Residential/electricity_renewable_wind.aspx Sketch and label this diagram Mast

Power Plants – Power Stations IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 Types of Power Stations – Renewable Energy Hydroelectric Power Plant Gravitational force of falling water converted into electricity using turbines History >2000 yrs ago, Rome and Greece – grinding wheat into flour 1700/1800s – powered textile and industrial mills 1882, Wisconsin – first hydroelectric plant http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi/jb/gilded/hydro_1 http://environmental-engineering.suite101.com/article.cfm/hydroelectric_power_generation http://www.seed.slb.com/en/scictr/watch/climate_change/alt_hydroelectric.htm

Power Plants – Power Stations IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 Types of Power Stations – Renewable Energy Hydroelectric Power Plant (cont.) Dam stores water in reservoir Energy generation depends on head – height difference from top of reservoir to top of river – and volume Spillway releases excess water Gate releases dam water into penstock – screen prevents objects from damaging turbines Penstock is piping – pressure of water increases http://library.thinkquest.org/15215/media/hydroelectric_dam.gif http://techalive.mtu.edu/meec/module17/Hydroelectricity.htm

Power Plants – Power Stations Types of Power Stations – Renewable Energy Hydroelectric Power Plant (cont.) http://library.thinkquest.org/15215/media/hydroelectric_dam.gif http://techalive.mtu.edu/meec/module17/Hydroelectricity.htm

Power Plants – Power Stations Types of Power Stations – Renewable Energy Hydroelectric Power Plant (cont.) http://science.howstuffworks.com/hydropower-plant1.htm http://www.mightyriver.co.nz/generation/aboutelectricity/makingelectricity/default.aspx

Power Plants – Power Stations IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 Types of Power Stations – Renewable Energy Geothermal Power Plant Harnessing energy generated from heat stored in Earth History Hot springs used for centuries for bathing and heating 1911, Italy – world’s first and only plant until 1958 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_energy#History_of_development http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/135226.jpg http://www.seco.cpa.state.tx.us/Images/re_geo-hotspring.jpg

Power Plants – Power Stations IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 Types of Power Stations – Renewable Energy Geothermal Power Plant (cont.) Steam or hot water pumped from underground to turn turbines Waste steam/water returned to ground or reused http://academic.evergreen.edu/g/grossmaz/heidtken.html http://www.virtualsciencefair.org/2006/wong6j2/geothermal.html

Power Plants – Power Stations Types of Power Stations – Renewable Energy Tidal Power Plants http://technologystudent.com/images5/tidal1.gif http://www.global-greenhouse-warming.com/tidal.html

Power Plants – Power Stations Types of Power Stations – Renewable Energy Wave Power Plants – 2 types Linear Generator http://www.el.angstrom.uu.se/forskningsprojekt/bilder_vagkraft/Farm_liten.jpg http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/Web_sites/01-02/RE_info/Wave%20power%20files/image013.jpg