Establishing Peace Unit 2.1

Unit 2.1 Establishing Peace What is required from your syllabus: Were the hopes of the world in preventing another world war fulfilled in the 1920s? Peace Making: Treaty of Versailles: its intent and German reaction League of Nations: reasons for its formation; successes and failures in the 1920s Disarmament: role of the USA Re-construction and Recovery: aid to Germany

Unit 2.1 Establishing Peace You must be able to: Analyse the intent of the Treaty of Versailles and German reaction to the treaty Examine the reasons for the formation of the League of Nations and its role in promoting world peace in the 1920s Explain the efforts of disarmament in the 1920s Analyse the effectiveness of aid given to Germany

Unit 2.1 Establishing Peace Concepts you must learn: Collective Security Cause and Consequence Disarmament Look up these terms on the Internet. After you have found the definition for the terms, summarise the definition into an easily understandable and memorable sentence. You have 10 minutes. Work in pairs. Post them into Wordpress.

Unit 2.1 Establishing Peace Values: Self-reliance Resourcefulness Determination Strategic and Economic Survival Patriotism Loyalty Do the same for this slide. You have 10 minutes.

Unit 2.1 Establishing Peace Essay Assignment (2192/3 Specimen Paper) which is due in 2 parts: Part 1 (Due on Term 1 (Week 10) Lesson How far was the desire to punish Germany the main motive of the Allies in deciding the Terms of the Treaty of Versailles? Explain your answer. (12m) Part 2 (Due on Term 2 (Week 1) Lesson “Germany’s reactions to the Treaty of Versailles were unreasonable.” How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. (13m)

11/11/1918 World War 1 Ends!

Armistice Day Parade, UK, 1918

Armistice Day Parade, UK, 1918

Unit 2.1 Establishing Peace Germany agreed to a CEASEFIRE and ARMISTICE (Agreement to STOP WAR to conduct PEACE TALKS) on 11 November 1918 (Armistice Day) Allied Powers (Winners) called for Peace Talks in 1919 in Paris (hence, Paris Peace Conference) held at Versailles Palace (hence, Versailles Treaty) The fate of Germany and Austria-Hungary was to be decided

Hall of Mirrors, 1919

Hall of Mirrors, Present Day

Unit 2.1 Establishing Peace In pairs, find out the significance behind holding the Paris Peace Conference at the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles Palace…

Group Work Question: Study the map carefully. What can you infer about the results of the Treaty of Versailles? Explain your answer. (5m)

Group Work Question: Compare this map and the previous one carefully. What can you infer about the results of the Treaty of Versailles? Explain your answer. (5m)

Soldiers lying dead in trenches…

A casualty of war…

Destruction in the Belgian town of Ypres

Grenade blast and devastation In Verdun, France, WW1

Devastation of French Land, following WWI

Results of World War One Bloody War 8 Million Dead 21 Million Injured Britain had the largest number of casualties Germany had the second highest number of casualties Many soldiers were also physically maimed

Results of World War One Costly War France lost 250,000 buildings and its countryside was almost entirely devastated by warfare

Results of World War One Costly War France lost 250,000 buildings and its countryside was almost entirely devastated by warfare

Results of World War One Economic Problems Countries were in debt Food shortages  Increasing Prices  Inflation Factories are not producing goods  Shortage of Goods  Increasing Prices  Inflation Shortage of funds to pay for repairs to damaged infrastructure (e.g. factories  unemployment)

Results of World War One Political Change German and Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed Russia became a Communist-ruled country

Results of World War One The USA: Due to it’s late entry into WW1, the USA suffered the least damage and the least loss of life It’s factories were not totally used for war production so it could go back to producing non-war consumer goods It was financially stable – able to lend money to the broke Allied powers.

Unit 2.1 Establishing Peace Before we begin on looking at the chapter proper, answer these questions briefly in your history groups: Who was guilty of starting the War? Should Germany be forced to pay for all the damage done by the Great War? Why? What should be done about Germany’s armed forces? What should be done about Germany’s colonies overseas? Should territory be taken away from Germany? Why? What are you going to do to keep peace in the world in the future? There is no RIGHT or WRONG answer in this portion, just answer these questions based on the slides you just examined on the RESULTS OF WORLD WAR ONE You have 30 minutes. Please upload your answers together with your names.

FEELINGS AFTER WWI British people were angry with Germany - wanted to PUNISH Germany HARSHLY FRANCE HATED Germany and wanted REVENGE People of EASTERN EUROPE (THE BALKANS) - wanted to build new nations and RULE THEMSELVES Russia - wanted to get back the land Germany took

FEELINGS AFTER WW1 ONLY USA wanted PEACE in Europe German soldiers - angry with their government - DID NOT believe Germany lost the war Germans - felt humiliated by the defeat - BLAMED the new government for agreeing to the ceasefire HUMILIATED = ashamed

Analysing Sources Source-based questions - Answer must USE the source as EVIDENCE What YOU KNOW about the TOPIC helps you focus on what is IMPORTANT in the source UNDERSTAND the source and INFER from the source TO ANSWER THE QUESTION!!!

Group Work Source A: This cartoon appeared in a British magazine, Punch in 19 Feb 1919. What can you infer about British attitude towards Germany from the source? (5m) GIVING HIM ROPE? German criminal (to Allied Police): Here, I say, stop! You’re hurting me! [Aside] If I only whine enough I may be able to wriggle out of this yet!

Group Work Source B: British Empire Union cartoon, 1919. The British Empire Union was a pressure group which campaigned for people to buy British Empire goods What can you infer about British attitude towards Germany from Source B? (5m)

PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE 1919 WHO ATTENDED: BIG 3 met at Versailles in Paris to discuss how to deal with defeated powers and draw up a treaty to end the war Britain - PM Lloyd George France - PM George Clemenceau USA - President Woodrow Wilson TREATY = CONTRACT or AGREEMENT

Unit 2.1 Establishing Peace The Big Three: Britain (Lloyd George) France (Georges Clemenceau) USA (Woodrow Wilson

PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE 1919 NOT PRESENT: Russia - not TRUSTED - became a Communist country after 1917 - withdrew from war half-way Germany - defeated power - so not represented - not CONSULTED - no CHOICE but to ACCEPT TREATY TREATY = CONTRACT or AGREEMENT CONSULTED = ASKED

AIMS OF BIG 3 USA: WOODROW WILSON: Idealist - wanted to make sure there would be PEACE and a FAIR and JUST treaty through the principles of his 14 POINTS Wanted to set up a LEAGUE OF NATIONS - an international organisation to ensure that members settle conflicts without going to war IDEALIST = someone who believe in finding the perfect solution

AIMS OF BIG 3 USA: WOODROW WILSON: Wanted SELF-DETERMINATION for all countries Opposed -victorious countries taking away territories from Germany Wanted Germany punished BUT NOT HUMILIATED SELF -DETERMINATION = countries have the right to RULE themselves or have a say in the government

AIMS OF BIG 3 BRITAIN: Lloyd George: Wanted - to make sure that German NAVY would not be a THREAT to British NAVY Worried that HARSH treaty would make Germany want to take REVENGE in future Also worried that if Germany become too WEAK and POOR - would turn to Communism

AIMS OF BIG 3 BUT - British people wanted Germany PUNISHED HARSHLY - Britain suffered badly during war - slogans like ‘Hang the Kaiser’, ‘Make Germany Pay’ were common in Britain. He was shrewd politician - needed to keep PROMISE to British people who VOTED for him SHREWD = CLEVER / CUNNING

AIMS OF BIG 3 FRANCE: GEORGE CLEMENCEAU: HATED Germany and wanted her CRIPPLED(destroyed and weakened) so badly = never be a THREAT to France again Because = Germany had invaded France twice, 1870 and 1914 so wanted to make sure this would not happen again Wanted REVENGE - Much of war taken place in France, with terrible damages and 1.5 million soldiers died

AIMS OF BIG 3 COMPENSATE = Pay for damages FRANCE: GEORGE CLEMENCEAU: SO he wanted to PUNISH Germany HARSHLY and to COMPENSATE for the damages! - Germany to PAY HUGE REPARATIONS WEAKEN Germany - taking away territories France to get back lost territories from Germany - Alsace and Lorraine COMPENSATE = Pay for damages REPARATIONS = MONEY to paid to compensate

ITALY: ORLANDO: FORMER ally of GERMANY Switched sides during war Wanted to gain more TERRITORIES He was an OPPORTUNIST OPPORTUNIST = someone who wanted to take advantage of situation and gain something from it

the BIG 3 did not AGREE with each other THEREFORE, the Versailles Treaty was a DIFFICULT treaty to NEGOTIATE because: the BIG 3 did not AGREE with each other and had different AIMS and PRIORITIES and often CLASHED over many issues The Versailles treaty was THUS a result of COMPROMISE! NEGOTIATE = DISCUSS PRIORITIES = MOST IMPORTANT AIMS CLASHED = Disagree COMPROMISE = GIVING in to each other and bargaining