Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis Chapter 8

Do Now What is energy? What is the ultimate source of energy on earth? Where do we get our energy from?

Objectives 1. SWBAT identify the laws of thermodynamics. 2. SWBAT differentiate between catabolic and anabolic reactions.

8.1 Energy Transformation of Energy Energy Thermodynamics -is the ability to do work. Thermodynamics -is the study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe.

Laws of Thermodynamics First law —energy can be converted from one form to another, but it cannot be created nor destroyed. Ex. Chemical Energy to Mechanical Energy

Laws of Thermodynamics Second law —energy cannot be converted without the loss of usable energy. Ex. Energy Lost as Heat

Second Law of Thermodynamics Entropy Measure of disorder (randomness) Measure of unusable energy Entropy always ___________.

Autotrophs and Heterotrophs Autotrophs are organisms that make their own food. -Ex. Chemotrophs: -Ex. Heterotrophs are organisms that need to ingest food to obtain energy. Ex.

Metabolism Metabolism: Two types of Metabolic Pathways: All chemical reactions in a cell Two types of Metabolic Pathways: Catabolic: Release energy by breaking down larger molecules Anabolic: Use energy to build larger molecules from smaller ones

Think- Pair - Share Of the following examples, list which ones are catabolic and anabolic 1. Amino acids becoming polypeptide chain 2. Glucose becoming glycogen 3. Your body breaking down food 4. Fatty Acids becoming triglycerides

Cellular respiration —organic molecules are broken down to release energy for use by the cell -type of process: Photosynthesis —light energy from the Sun is converted to chemical energy for use by the cell -Type of Process:

Cellular Respiration Organisms obtain energy in a process called cellular respiration. The equation for cellular respiration is the opposite of the equation for photosynthesis.

Objectives 1. SWBAT define wavelength, visible light, absorbance and transmittance. 2. SWBAT measure the separation and identify the chlorophyll, carotenoids, and xanthrophyll pigments. 3. SWBAT compare and contrast chlorophyll, carotenoids, and xanthrophyll pigments.

Do Now List the following as catabolic or anabolic reactions 1. Burning a candle 2. Swimming in a pool 3. Baking a cake 4. New leaves Growing 5. A car driving (think fuel)

Objectives 1. SWBAT differentiate between catabolic and anabolic reactions. 2. SWBAT define ATP and ADP. 3. SWBAT provide examples of different wavelengths of light.

Adenosine Tri Phosphate (ATP) Structure: Adenine base, ribose sugar, and 3 phosphate groups

Adenosine Tri Phosphate (ATP) Function: bond breaks between the second and third phosphate groups to release energy Creating adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a free phosphate group.

Light Form of energy Travels in waves Distance between waves is called a wavelength

Wavelengths Different types of light have different wavelengths

Visible Light The light we see is visible light.

Which color has…. The longest wavelength? The shortest wavelength?

Light The light you see is the reflected light. All other colors are absorbed.

SOOOO…. Why do we see green when we look at a plant? Why is the sky blue?

We can only see Visible Light. From 400 – 700 nm ROYGBV Red has the longest wavelengths Violet has the shortest

Think-Pair-Share When do we see a rainbow? How is a rainbow made? Is there an end to a rainbow?

Pigment Chemical compound that gives a substance it’s color Causes certain wavelengths to be absorbed and other to be reflected Pigments are everywhere (clothes, flowers, etc.) Ex. Chlorophyll, Carotenoid

THINK – PAIR – SHARE Using the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll… What colors does chlorophyll absorb? What colors does it reflect? What color does it appear to us?

Chlorophyll A green pigment that aids in photosynthesis Found in leaves (Chlorophyll b and Chlorophyll a) Reflects: Absorbs:

Think – Pair - Share Using the absorption spectrum of carotenoids… What colors does carotenoid absorb? What colors does it reflect? What color does it appear to us?

Carotenoids Accessory Pigment that absorbs blue and green light Reflects ____________ found in most leaves Usually hidden by chlorophyll

Do Now 1. What colors does this pigment absorb? 2. What colors does it reflect? 3. What color does it appear to us? 4. What pigment do you think it is?

Overall

Structure of a Chloroplast

Photosynthesis Equation What do you notice about this equation?

Photosynthesis occurs in two phases A. Light-independent reactions (also known as the Calvin cycle or Dark Reactions) B. Light-dependent reactions (AKA Light reactions) **Smartboard**

Objectives SWBAT analyze an absorption spectrum. SWBAT identify the inputs and outputs of Calvin cycle. SWBAT explain the importance of Light Reactions.

Do Now What would happen if our sun burned out? Use the following words in your answer: Photosynthesis Plants Glucose

Objectives 1. SWBAT define wavelength, visible light, absorbance and transmittance. 2. SWBAT measure the separation and identify the chlorophyll, carotenoids, and xanthrophyll pigments. 2. SWBAT compare and contrast chlorophyll, carotenoids, and xanthrophyll pigments.

Objectivies SWBAT identify parts of the chloroplast. SWBAT list the inputs and outputs of the calvin cycle SWBAT compare and contrast the calvin cycle and krebs cycle.

Let’s try some sample math problems before we begin Jenny is selling apples. She paid 2 dollars per apple and is selling each apple at 7 dollars. How much NET profit is Jenny making if she sells 1 apple? 10 apples?

Do Now 1. Explain why plants contain different pigments.

Do Now – Calvin Cycle Questions 1. Which contains more energy: one molecule of NADP+ or one molecule of NADPH ? 2. What is the name of the three carbon molecule that is a product of the Calvin cycle (“dark” reactions)? 3. Name the molecule that is taken from the air and that provides the carbon for the production of carbohydrates during the Calvin cycle.

Do Now Define Chemiosmosis: Write a paragraph describing light reactions.

Objectives 1. SWBAT explain the steps involved in light reactions and answer questions based on it. 2. SWBAT watch and listen to an animation of the calvin cycle and light reactions. 3. SWBAT answer questions on different parts of the calvin cycle and light reactions

Chemiosmosis Mechanism in which ATP is produced as a result from the flow of electrons down a concentration gradient Ex. Light Reactions

Alternative Pathways Light and Water can limit the amount of photosynthesis a plant can perform. Some plants develop alternate pathways to maximize energy conservation Ex. CAM and C4 Plants

C4 Plants These plants minimize water lost Turn CO2 into a 4 carbon molecule instead of a 3 carbon molecule Keeps stomata (plant cell pores) closed during hot days Ex. Corn and Sugar Cane

CAM Plants Occurs in water-conserving plants that live in deserts, salt marshes, etc. CO2 only enters leaves at night Turns CO2 into a “storage molecule” until needed later Ex. Orchids, cacti, pineapples

11. Pathway that allows carbon dioxide to enter leaves only at night Description Calvin C4 CAM   9. The second phase of photosynthesis, in which energy is stored in glucose 10. Pathway(s) that help(s) plants photosynthesize while minimizing water loss 11. Pathway that allows carbon dioxide to enter leaves only at night 12. Light-independent reactions 13. Uses the enzyme rubisco to convert carbon dioxide into molecules that can be used by the cell 14. Type of plant found in hot, dry environments

Do Now – True or False 1. The anaerobic pathway that follows glycolysis in the absence of oxygen is fermentation. 2. The hydrogen necessary in the electron transport chain comes from the splitting of carbon dioxide molecules. 3. Cellular respiration in eukaryotes is slightly more efficient than in prokaryotes. 4. The Krebs cycle is sometimes called the TCA cycle or the citric acid cycle. 5. Fermentation occurs in the mitochondria. 6. Skeletal muscle produces lactic acid when the body cannot supply enough oxygen. 7. Alcohol fermentation is found in some bacteria and in humans. 8. The two pyruvate molecules formed during glycolysis result in two Krebs cycles. 9. Electron transport is the first step in the breakdown of glucose.

Objectives SWBAT answer short answer and multiple choice questions on photosynthesis SWBAT watch animations of light reactions and calvin cycle and answer questions based on it.

Do Now A. Label the diagram. B. What is the name of the entire process?

Objectives 1. SWBAT identify inputs and outputs to both calvin cycle and light reactions. 2. SWBAT work in groups to answer questions on photosynthesis to review for their upcoming test.

Do Now How does our body make energy? List some of the key ingredients needed to create energy in our bodies.

Objectives SWBAT define Riboflavin and Niacin. SWBAT identify the inputs and outputs of glycolysis.

NADH and FADH2 FADH2 (Riboflavin) FADH2 FAD + 2 H+ + 2e- NADH (Niacin) B2 Vitamin Accepts 2 electrons NADH (Niacin) NADH NAD+ + H+ + 2e- B3 Vitamin

Cellular respiration occurs in two main parts. Aerobic Respiration Glycolysis Anaerobic Respiration

Let’s try some sample math problems before we begin Jenny is selling apples. She paid 2 dollars per apple and is selling each apple at 7 dollars. How much NET profit is Jenny making if she sells 1 apple? 10 apples?

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Do Now 1. If 28 ATP were made in glycolysis, how many glucose molecules were consumed? 2. Where does the carbon in carbon dioxide come from? 3. In glycolysis, if 18 NADH are produced, how many ATP are produced? How many glucose molecules are consumed?

Sooo…. Why do we breathe oxygen??? We take in oxygen as other forms. Ex. water (H20). BUT WHY MUST WE BREATHE IN OXYGEN GAS????

Do Now What happens when we don’t get enough oxygen? What does our body do?

Objectives SWBAT compare and contrast alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. SWBAT design an experiment to try to maximize the amount CO2 produced from fermentation.

Stand up! Move your arm up and down for three minutes! Do not stop until the time is up!? What is happening in your arm?

Anaerobic Respiration Yeast, People, Bacteria, Fungus Making ATP without oxygen Used to make beer, wine, and bread

Lactic Acid Fermentation Lactic acid is associated with the “burn” associated with heavy exercise If too much lactic acid builds up, your muscles give out

Lactic Acid Fermentation Inputs: Glucose, 2ADP Outputs: 2ATP, 2 lactic acid Ex: Bacteria that help in making yogurt. Human muscle cells when out of oxygen.

Lactic Acid Fermentation Physical conditioning allows your body to adapt to increased activity The body can increase its ability to deliver oxygen to muscles Long-distance runners wait until the final sprint to exceed their aerobic capacity

Bread and Alcoholic Beverages Use Yeast Carbon dioxide is produced and ethanol http://www.microbiologybytes.com/video/Scerevisiae.html

Alcohol Fermentation Inputs: Outputs: Ex: Glucose, 2ADP 2ATP, 2 ethanol, 2 CO2 Ex: Yeast in wine and beer production.

Why don’t you get drunk off bread? Take a minute and pair up with the person sitting NEXT to you and discuss this question.

Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration IF “Aerobic” Mitochondria Cell Membrane TP Glycolysis Glucose 2 Pyruvic Acid “Anaerobic” If NO 02

Lab – Alcohol Fermentation of Yeast Yeast – have a mitochondria and can perform aerobic respiration as well. Yeast – do anaerobic respiration (alcohol Fermentation) Outputs: CO2, ATP, and Ethanol Sucrose= glucose and fructose Feedback Inhibition- too much of product stops the reaction Yeast- used for bread, and alcoholic beverages

Lab We are trying to get the most Carbon Dioxide production by doing the MOST anaerobic respiration Using Helium quality balloons because helium is a smaller atom than CO2

Do Now Why do your muscles burn after you exercise? Do we do anaerobic or aerobic respiration? What are the differences between the two?

Do Now What is light? What are the different forms of light? What is the kind of light we can see?

Do Now – Label the area this happens 1. Photosynthesis 5. Cholorplast 2. Cellular respiration 6. Mitochondria 3. Glucose 7. Carbon dioxide 4. Oxygen

Objectives SWBAT compare and contrast cellular respiration and photosynthesis SWBAT answer questions to help them review for their upcoming test.