Punishment before the ‘Bloody Code’ Death for murder, rape and stealing Fines for cheating, breaking agreements, assault Being outlawed Humiliation Whipping Stocks Pillory

Early Modern Period – when was it? 1450-1750

Reasons for the ‘Bloody Code’ Changing society Rising population Growing towns Rise of business – more rich people Invention of printing – broadsheets full of crime stories The belief that the crime rate was rising Unemployment Fear of rebellion Rich trying to control the poor Protecting property Attempt to scare people and deter them from crime

‘New crimes’ in the Early Modern Period Vagrants and vagabonds Highwaymen Smugglers Poachers

Why were there so many vagrants, vagabonds and sturdy beggars? Problems in the cloth industry Enclosure of land in villages Many people with no jobs High prices End of wars – soldiers with no work Growing population – shortage of jobs and food No system to help the poor and sick Monasteries closed down

How were they dealt with? Licences and badges for sick and disabled ‘deserving poor’ Vagrancy Acts ‘sturdy beggars’ punished Whipped Stocks Banished from town Forced to work Branded Houses of correction slavery None of these measures worked

Why were smugglers hard to control? No police force Taxation unpopular Many people supported smugglers or gained from them Violent smuggling gangs, people afraid of them Villagers did not report on smuggling to the authorities Customs officers and government sometimes involved in smuggling

Why did poaching become a crime? Common shared land was being enclosed by rich farmers They wanted to protect their property

Why was there a big increase in highwaymen? Unemployed ex-soldiers with guns and horses Horses cheap to buy Better coaches and roads More people travelling No banks so people carried money Lots of isolated spots where robbery was easy No police force

Why was there no police force? People didn’t want to pay more tax People thought it would invade their privacy People thought it would not work People feared it would be like an army on the streets taking away freedom

What was there instead of police? Constables Watchmen Horse patrols Thames River Police Fielding brothers Bow Street Runners ‘Hue and Cry’ Newspaper

The Industrial Period – when was it? 1750-1900

Why did highway robbery decrease? Banks Horse patrols More traffic on the roads Built up areas – less isolated places Horses more expensive More job opportunities

What 3 big reforms were brought in by Sir Robert Peel? Ending of the Bloody Code Prison Reform 1823 Metropolitan Police 1829

Why was the Bloody Code ended? It was not working Crime going up People enjoyed executions Courts did not want to convict Other forms of punishment Transportation Prisons Changing ideas and attitudes

Why did the authorities transport criminals to Australia? To scare and deter people Alternative to hanging To remove criminals and protesters from society Cheap labour to build up Australia Prevent other countries from taking Australia

Why did transportation end? Too expensive Seen as too harsh Not a deterrent – many had a better life in Australia Australians did not want any more convicts New prisons seen as more effective The gold rush – many people travelled to Australia hoping to get rich

Why was the prison system changed? Pressure from campaigners John Howard Elizabeth Fry Terrible state of prisons Crowded Female and male together Dirty, disease ridden Hulks Not a punishment, only a holding place Privately run ‘schools for crime’ Need for an alternative to hanging and transportation

What were the new prisons like? Clean, big, organised Male and female separate Visits by doctors and chaplains Uniforms Officers employed by the state Separate system Silent system Useful work Pointless tasks Crank Picking oakum treadwheel

Why was the Metropolitan Police set up? Rising crime People willing to pay tax for better services Fear of protest Growth of cities

How did policing change during the 19th century? Police forces all over the country Detectives Growing public acceptance and popularity

Why was the crime rate going down at the end of the 19th century? More effective policing Better prisons Fairer punishment system supported by most people

The Modern Period – when was it? 1900-now

How did technology change policing in the 20th century? Fingerprinting Radios Computers DNA Cars and motorbikes CCTV and speed cameras

In what other ways has policing changed? Community policing and Neighbourhood Watch Special units Drugs Anti-terrorism Transport Fraud Training Weapons

How did prisons change in the 20th century? Separate System ended Open prisons High security prisons No hard labour or beatings Detention centres for the young

Why was capital punishment abolished in the 1960s? Some innocent people hanged ‘wrong to kill’ Countries without a death penalty do not have more murders Juries more likely to convict if no death penalty Most murders are not planned so fear of execution would not stop them

What alternatives to prison have been developed? Probation Community service Tagging ASBOs Drug or alcohol treatment centres (‘rehab’)

PROTEST: what are the 3 topics? Kett’s Rebellion Suffragettes General Strike

Kett’s Rebellion: reasons for the protest. Privatisation of the land Land enclosure – fences Rising prices and rents Bad harvests Insecurity due to war and religious change Sheep farming leading to unemployment

Kett’s Rebellion: nature of the protest Pulled down fences Marched to Norwich Encampment on Mousehold Heath Parliament and courts Elected council Tree of Reformation 29 grievances – asking for rights and freedoms Took over Norwich

Kett’s Rebellion: reaction of the authorities Royal messengers offering full pardon No response to grievances Food supply stopped Army of mainly foreign soldiers under the Earl of Warwick Rebels beaten in battle and leaders hung, drawn and quartered

Was Kett a good leader? Could the rebels have acted differently?

Suffragettes: reasons for the protest. Women denied the vote Failure of the government to make changes Peaceful pressure by the suffragists was not working

Suffragettes : nature of the protest Demonstrations and protest meetings ‘Black Friday’ 1910 Direct action e.g. Chaining to railings Setting fire to buildings and post boxes Emily Davison ran in front of the King’s horse at the Derby 1913 Use of the media Suffragette newspaper ‘Votes for Women’ leaflets

Suffragettes : reaction of the authorities Women banned from political meetings Violent response to protest – women assaulted on ‘Black Friday’ Women arrested and imprisoned Force feeding ‘Cat and Mouse’ Act 1913

Women got the vote after the First World War (1918 richer women over 30 – 1928 all women). Was this because of the Suffragettes’ actions, or because of the war?

General Strike: reasons for the protest. Mine owners wanted to cut the pay of coal miners and make them work longer hours The Trades Union Congress wanted the mines nationalised When the government’s Royal Commission supported the owners, the miners’ union asked the TUC for support Members of the TUC – workers across Britain – voted to strike to support the miners.

General Strike : nature of the protest Two and a half million workers on strike Docks, transport, newspapers, industries closed down Daily strike newspaper, The British Worker Social and sports events for strikers and families Support for the strike was growing Non-violent except for occasional clashes

General Strike : reaction of the authorities When a strike was likely in 1925, Baldwin (Prime Minister) set up a Royal Commission to give the government time to: Build up stocks of coal Organise the army in camps outside main cities Get volunteers to break the strike driving vehicles etc Organisation for the Maintenance of Supplies (OMS) Teams of middle and upper class volunteers Used the navy to bring food and the army to escort food lorries Used the police to keep control Daily government newspaper, The British Gazette Used BBC radio to spread propaganda against the strike Secret talks with the TUC leaders

General Strike: the outcome TUC leaders called off the strike after 9 days The government refused to follow the deal that ended the strike Miners carried on strike for 7 months but eventually gave in Miners were forced to accept lower pay and longer hours Government passed laws against trades unions

Why did the strike fail? Did the TUC leaders betray their members and the miners? Could they have won if they continued with the strike?

Compare the three protests – similarities and differences Why did the protests happen? How successful were they and why? How effective were the responses of the authorities and why?