Towards a Standard for Carbon Accounting: a view from CIBSE Hywel Davies CIBSE Technical Director and Stuart Macpherson Irons Foulner Consulting Engineers

Current Standards Activity BSI, CEN and ISO are working on standards related to carbon emissions from buildings and their component materials and systems BS PAS 2050 – measurement of embodied greenhouse gases in products and services CEN - Sustainability of construction works CEN – Strategic energy management forum ISO – sustainable construction standards

PAS 2050 Being developed jointly by Carbon Trust, Defra and BSI Aims to “develop an agreed method for measuring embodied GHG emissions which can be applied across a wide range of product and service categories …to enable companies to measure the GHG related impacts of their products and reduce them.” Carbon and GHG specific

Directives The EPBD Scottish Building Standards Energy Assessors in Scotland

Carbon Accounting? Its not just about counting carbon, but controlling it Thank you for listening – Any questions?

Westminster carbon counting conference, ICE, 24 January 2008 JOINING THINGS UP FOR BUILDINGS Bill Bordass the Usable Buildings Trust

Wider implications Benchmarking needs: Better data quality Sharper standards Segmental carbon reporting Identification and reporting on normalisation factors Avoiding carbon reductionism Activity-specific metrics Activity/sector-specific reporting standards Collaborative sector/activity projects to define the above

We need to save real carbon, not virtual carbon

The Credibility Gap for a green building award winner

Saving energy and CO 2 in a hurry, using the multiplier effect Reduced demands standards, passive measures x 0.5?50 % Increased efficiency better technology, lower resistances x0.5?25 % Waste avoidance better control, management, behaviour? Less 20%? (it could easily be more) 20 % Low-carbon energy supplies on and off-site Halve the carbon content of the supplies?10% To get rapid and cost-effective change, we must press ALL the buttons NOT, for example relying on a business-as- usual fix with renewables: they won’t work alone!

Use renewable supplies AND make buildings efficient in use

Making Performance Visible with building energy certificates Ambitions of Europrosper research project : Display energy certs based on actual energy use. Achieved Transparency between expectations and outcomes.Incomplete Multiple performance indicatorsIncomplete We now need voluntary supporting measures

Passing on carbon + energy BPF Landlord’s statement Improves transparency Includes multiple performance indicators Allows individual tenants to add the energy they purchase directly and prepare Display Energy Certificates on same basis as whole buildings. Avoids double handling if it allows the transfer of carbon from landlord to tenant for the purpose of the Carbon Reduction Commitment. Interest being shown by other sectors (business centres, retail, industrial

Passing on carbon + energy BPF Landlord’s statement

Drilling down further to assign realistic priorities

Drilling down even further: actual versus predicted for lighting

Comparing corporate performance on climate change – what metrics? Dr. Craig Mackenzie Director, Carbon Benchmarking Project University of Edinburgh Business School

The scope for low cost reductions Source: Vattenfal

Breakdown of the Tesco footprint Add note on fridge energy? Refrigeration Tesco CSR Report 2007

Direct CO2e emissions No Data

Relative carbon intensity? NB: this slide does not give an accurate comparison of performance No Data

Meaningful comparison? NB: this slide does not give an accurate comparison of performance Food processing business Food non-food split Food- non-food split Food non-food split Use of biodiesel Green tariff electricity Green tariff electricity Data estimated Data incomplete No Data

Add note on fridge energy? Refrigeration Tesco CSR Report 2007 An alternative strategy % f-gas leakage pa KWh/linear meter of refrigeration Diesel litres/pallet delivered Average store energy rating % electricity from renewables weighted for additionality

Carbon Counting for Neighbourhoods and Cities Dr Rajat Gupta Department of Architecture Westminster Carbon Counting Conference 24 January 2008, London

Core methodologies used in DECoRuM Underlying physically- based energy models: BREDEM – 12 linked to SAP Cost-benefit analysis approach

Outputs from DECoRuM

Framework for baseline predictions DECoRuM baseline energy model estimates energy consumption and CO 2 emissions of individual dwellings as the basic component for calculation, and then aggregates these to an urban scale.

Oxford case study: DECoRuM baseline energy & CO 2 model © Rajat Gupta, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.

In conclusion Top down approaches Are they complementary to each other? What do we need to adopt for cities to be able to estimate baseline emissions, predict potential emission reductions, and take action? Bottom-up models

Carbon dioxide emissions (MtCO 2 ) Draft London Plan targets 15% 20% 25% 30% 60% Today (+0.7° C already) Stern indicates the London Plan targets will not be sufficient 60% 90% New evidence? 2025

London: Where emissions come from: 21% 7% Emissions from London Domestic Commercial (inc. public sector) Industrial Ground-based Transport

Responsibility for Delivering 30% CO2 Cuts by 2025 Source: LECI; GLA analysis GLA family (~10%) City Boroughs (~10%) National government (~30%) Private sector (~40%) Target reduction (30% vs. 1990) Million tonnes of CO 2 per annum Business as usual scenario Individuals (~10%)

Solar Cities: 2 nd International Conference 2006

LOW CARBON WOLVERCOTE

Principles of carbon counting for buildings in use THE KEY STEPS The five key steps in counting the impact on the outside world are: 1 Define the boundary of the premises. Boundaries should be where they make practical sense in terms of where the energy can be counted (e.g. the area fed by the meters) and how the area is run (a tenancy, a building, a site; or even a district or a city). One may look at more than one boundary, e.g. for a university the campus, specific buildings, and individual departments; and for a rented building the whole building, and each tenancy. 2Measure the flows of each energy supply across the defined boundary. Normally this will be annual totals by fuel, though details of load profiles could sometimes be included. 3Define carbon dioxide factors for each energy supply, as discussed below 4Multiply each energy flow by the appropriate carbon dioxide factor, to get the emissions associated with each fuel 5Add them up. to get the annual total of CO2 emissions.

DIRECT EMISSIONS 34% HOUSE ENERGY 19.5% TRANSPORT ENERGY 14.5% INDIRECT PRO RATA EMISSONS 51% INDIRECT INFRASTRUCTURAL EMISSONS 15% Carbon Dioxide Emissions will include: (Source:Robert Cohen) Probably the most ‘correct’ approach is to split the scores into four categories: - Direct and measurable - Indirect, pro-rated on the bases of purchases - Indirect, not pro-rated and attributed to the industrial sectors - Fixed infrastructure, not pro-rated and attributable to government policy. Peter Harper, Centre for Alternative technology

Making Business Sense of Climate Change

DECARBONISING BUILDINGS CASE STUDY: The Sports Hall The proposed sports halls is: - 36 x 40mx 7m high, - floor area of around 1440m2. - The currently preferred design includes: - 15 Sprung Sports Floor - Lighting should be Multi-Corso set between the badminton courts - Heating system is a Continuous Black Tube radiant heating system m2 sports storage equipment - Full height glazed screen between corridor and sports hall - Range of fixed equipment including basket ball goals, netball & badminton posts - Side walls to be green or blue to meet badminton requirements -Top 3m of the 3 external walls are designed to include Kalwall Transluscent - cladding, an insulating, diffuse, light transmitting system that eliminates glare hot spots and shadows.

Recommendations: High the thermal efficiency of the structure of the sports hall through the use of good levels of insulation in north, south and east walls, elimination of air- infiltration through the building envelope and robust construction. Optimised use of natural lighting in the sports hall so reducing the need for high levels of artificial lighting. Naturally ventilated sports hall, eliminating the need for mechanical cooling and provision of fresh air. Replacement of the proposed high level, high temperature, gas fired, air blown heating system with an under-floor, low temperature heating system powered at least in part by a ground source heat pump system and a wind turbine situated in the school grounds. Install a roof mounted solar hot water system to provide part of the high temperature water supply needed for the changing room facilities.

The what works palette of RENs Source: njsolar

Wind – It works and is available on site House height 8m 400W turbine Electricity provision: 20% of a household Height: 2m Cost: £ kW turbine Electricity provision: 3.5 houses or 20% of a primary school Height: 9m Cost: £15-18k 220kW turbine Electricity provision: 85 houses or 5 primary schools Height: 36m Cost: £ k 1.5MW turbine Electricity provision: 1200 houses or 75 primary schools Height: 65m Cost: £1-1.5 million

RENEWABLE ENERGY GRANTS: The Low Carbon Buildings Programme - Stream 2B. ( ). Solar photovoltaics 50% Biomass 35% Ground source heat pumps 35% Wind turbines 30% Solar thermal 30%

CALCULATING THE COST BENEFITS OF THE SAVINGS: Recommendation 3: Naturally ventilate the sports hall and eliminate the need for mechanical cooling and provision of fresh air. Removal of central ventilation plant and fans. Electricity cost savings34 kWh/m2/a saved by removal of mechanical ventilation system. = 1440 x 34 = kWh/a CO2 savings tonnes annum cost savings1440 x 34 x 5.5 = £2693 annum Cost of measure removes c. -£15,000 from plant cost and adds the same for the opening Kalwal windows at the upper level. Payback0 years Recommendation 4: Under floor heating with GSHP power in part with a wind turbine Replace all air blown sports hall heating system with under-floor heating from a ground source heat pump with wind turbine giving zero energy heating for the hall. Heating gas saved307 kWh/m2/a = 1440 x 307 = kWh/a CO2 savings tonnes annum cost savings x 2.7 = £11,936 annum Cost of measure£100,000 Payback8.38years

Key recomendations: Recommendations and Key Actions Estimated Annual Savings Estimated Cost of Measur e Payback period Financial SavingsCO2 SavingsEnergy Savings(years) £tonneskWh£ high thermal efficiency of sports hall1, ,8405, Optimisation of the natural day lighting of the hall3, ,8002, Natural ventilation of the sports hall2, ,9600- Under floor heating with GSHP and wind turbine11, ,080100, Solar hot water systems ,50035, TOTAL 20, ,180142,000

Guy Hudson, Convenor “ International network for Carbon Accounting Reporting, and Reduction in the Built environment “ ICT Workgroup

ICARB Positioning: a clear need – to ensure consistent and therefore comparable carbon accounting At a formative stage

ICARB Questions What does this mean applied to ICT? How do we achieve the objective?

Pushing at an open door ISO/BSI, the Carbon Trust and the supply chain Industry initiatives PAS2050 Solving the E-Waste Problem [StEP] Green Grid Climate Savers Computing Initiative [CSCI] The Information Age Partnership [IAP] Market Transformation Programme [MTP] Saving the the speed of light

ICARB Consistent carbon accounting Scope is very large Deep but very narrow Divided up into – 10? workgroups

The world according to ICARB 2 Dimensions of the problem Sectors Scope Individuals Communities Cities Government BuildingsICT Footprinting

3 rd Dimensions of the problem Units, Metrics, Factors Datasets Boundaries For each sector. Each application level - identify parameters (organisations and projects considered in the sector subcommittees) Parameters

The ICT Workgroup? Steering Committee Sectors Scope Parameters

The solution will involve: Open source, Standards –based Methodologies open and available to all –Bookshelf technology Using current standards for CO2 and CO2e calculations –GHG –Carbon Trust/DEFRA - PAS2050 –ITIL => Meta standard: practical – defining the grey areas

Each workgroup Position paper at the October conference Gather data for standards and initiatives in the industry Collaborate with other workgroups to define boundaries, share information on useful datasets etc.

Sue Roaf Professor of Architectural Engineering Heriot Watt University Edinburgh