Know how. Know now. 1 Assuring Quality A guide for youth livestock producers

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 2 Introduction to Quality Assurance  Quality:  Are the products that come from animals: Safe and Healthy? Safe and Healthy? Good Consumer Experiences? Good Consumer Experiences?  Assurance:  A pledge or a  A pledge or a promise   To consumers What is Quality Assurance?

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 3 Quality Assurance Promise  “The food from our livestock will be the highest possible quality and we will do everything we can to make these products safe and healthy for our consumers.”  Regardless of how many animals you raise or what species or breed, YOU are producing food that will be on someone’s table!

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 4 Food Supply Continuum  Producers start the cycle by raising a safe, healthy and quality product  All segments are responsible for product safety and quality  Each segment relies on other segments to do their part

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 5 HACCP and Food Safety   Hazard   Analysis and   Critical   Control   Points For Youth Producers it means: Identifying and eliminating or changing those practices that have the potential to cause food safety problems with the meat, milk or eggs we produce for the food supply.

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 6 Good Production Practice (GPP)  10 Guidelines for Producer to Assure:  Food Safety  Healthier Animals  Better Performance Efficiency  Humane Production Practices

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 7 Activities, Videos or Discussion  Introduction Segment  Worksheet Activity 1: Creating a Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) Plan  Worksheet Activity 2: Food Supply Continuum Puzzle  Worksheet Activity 3: Food Safety

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 8 GPP 1 – Health Management Plan “Establish a herd/flock health management plan.”   Herd/Flock Health Management Plans include:   Working with your veterinarian   Regular animal evaluation and observation   Biosecurity   Rodent/pest control   Cleaning and disinfecting tools and facilities

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 9 GPP 1 - Biosecurity  Preventative Measures   Procedures to prevent animal health concerns  Reduce Risk   Plans to reduce the spread of disease through your herd and neighboring herds  Record Keeping   Maintain records of treatment and movement of livestock

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 10 Activities, Videos or Discussion  Good Production Practice No. 1  Worksheet Activity 1-1: Answering questions about establishing a herd/flock health management plan

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 11 GPP 2 - VCPR “Develop a Veterinarian/Client/Patient Relationship (VCPR).”   VCPR are Essential   Provide advise for animal health practice and plans   Assist with animal health diagnosis   Provide assistance with prescription drugs or over-the-counter drug

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 12 What is needed for a VCPR?   The veterinarian must:   Have assumed the responsibility for making medical judgments regarding the health of the animal(s) and the need for medical treatment   Have working knowledge of the animal and/or operation   Be readily available for follow-up and consultation, and   The owner/caretaker of the animals agrees to follow instructions of the veterinarian GPP 2 - VCPR

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 13 GPP 2 - Medications   Over The Counter (OTC) vs. Prescription   OTC - Any medication that can be purchased legally without a veterinarian’s prescription   Prescription - Any medication requiring a veterinarian’s authorization for purchase   Why Prescription?   Margin of Safety - Animals and People   Difficulty identifying disease being treated

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 14 GPP 2 - Drug Use   Labeled Use - Using the medication EXACTLY as it is specified on the label.   Legal   Off Label Use - Using medication in a manner other than what is stated on the label “without” veterinarian guidance.   ILLEGAL!!!!   Extra Label Use - Using medication with a VETERINARIAN prescription in a matter other than what’s on the label.   Legal

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 15 GPP 2 - Maximum Residue Level (MRL)  Approved by the Food and Drug Administration  Maximum amount of drug that may be allowed in the animal’s tissues at harvest that will have no risk to public health  MRL may vary for countries outside the United States

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 16 Activities, Videos or Discussion  Good Production Practice No. 2  Worksheet Activity 2-1: Answering questions about extra label drug use

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 17 GPP 3 – Use of Antibiotics “Keep Antibiotics As Good As GOLD”   Generate a plan for disease prevention   Observe for early signs of disease   Listen and follow veterinary advice   Deliver the best medication, dose and duration of treatment

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 18 GPP 3 – Use of Antibiotics   Antibiotics are made by microorganisms   Antibiotics are used for:   Disease treatment   Disease prevention   Improve nutritional efficiency

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 19 Principles and Guidelines   Take steps to decrease the need for antibiotics   Determine the advantages and disadvantages of using antibiotics   Always use professional veterinary input   Only use antibiotics following an appropriate diagnosis GPP 3 – Use of Antibiotics

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 20 Principles and Guidelines  Limit antibiotic treatment to sick or at-risk animals  Antibiotics that are important in treating antibiotic resistant infections in human or veterinary medicine should only be used in animals after careful review and reasonable justification  Proper handling, storage and disposal of medicated feed is important GPP 3 – Use of Antibiotics

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 21 Activities, Videos or Discussion  Good Production Practice No. 3  Worksheet Activity 3-1: Answering questions about responsible use of antibiotics  There is a UNL Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences video titled, Responsible Use of Anitibotics in Animals  There are two factsheets titled, Guidelines for Responsible Antibiotic UseGuidelines for Responsible Antibiotic Use Think About How You Use AntibioticsThink About How You Use Antibiotics

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 22 GPP 4 – Animal Identification “Identify and track an animal’s performance and treatments”   Animal Identification   Premise Identification   National Animal Identification System (NAIS)   Country of Origin Labeling (COOL)

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 23 GPP 4 - Animal Identification  Permanent Identification   Hot or Freeze Branding (Cattle)   Tattoo (Cattle, Rabbits, Goats, Sheep)   Ear Notching (Swine, Cattle)  Temporary Identification   Paint Marker   Ear Tags (Cattle, Sheep, Swine, Goats)   Brisket Tags (Cattle)   Leg Bands (Poultry, Dairy Cattle)

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 24 GPP 4 - Animal Identification   Identification of treated animals   It is important to be able to identify an animal after you have treated it for keeping records and recognizing the animal again.   You should write down the animal’s identification number.   You may choose to use different forms of identification of medicated animals.

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 25 GPP 4 - Premise Identification  Voluntary (Required by Some Processing Facilities)  Online Registration Form   Information Required  Operation/Producer Name  Address  Contact Information  Legal Description of Premise  No Fees

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 26 GPP 4 - Flock Identification  Mandatory  Used to reduce the risk of disease  Such as Scrapies

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 27 GPP 4 - NAIS National Animal ID System (NAIS)  Standardize animal identification programs and practices to all livestock species and poultry  NAIS Components   Animal Identification   Premise Identification   Animal Tracking  Long Term Goal   Be capable of “identifying all livestock and premises that have had direct contact with a disease of concern within 48 hours after discovery”

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 28 GPP 4 - COOL Country of Origin Labeling (COOL)  Implementation  Consumer Driven to ensure product safety  Animal Origin and Traceability   Birth to Consumers Purchase

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 29 Packer Comments on Food Safety Video Clip from Meat Processors on the need for Quality Assurance and Identification

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 30 Activities, Videos or Discussion  Good Production Practice No. 4  Worksheet Activity 4-1: Identification-Swine Focus  Worksheet Activity 4-2: Identification – Non- Swine Focus

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 31 GPP 5 – Medication & Treatment “Maintain Medication and Treatment Records”   Treatment records should include 1. 1.Date treated 2. 2.Animal Identification 3. 3.Product Used 4. 4.Dosage or Amount Used 5. 5.Route of Administration 6. 6.Who Administered the Medication 7. 7.Withdrawal Time and Date

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 32 Treatment Record Example

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 33 GPP 5 - Withdrawal Time  Withdrawal time is the amount of time needed for a drug to be broken down by the animal’s body, so there will be no chance of drug residue in the tissue.  Maximum Residue Levels (MRL)  Discussed in GPP 2

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 34 GPP 5 - Withdrawal Time   Calculating withdrawal time (Label indicates 7 days)   Date and time of last injection: January 1 at 8:00 AM   Withdrawal time is: January 8 at 8:00 AM Jan 2 at 8 AM = 1 day Jan 3 at 8 AM = 2 days Jan 4 at 8 AM = 3 days Jan 5 at 8 AM = 4 days Jan 6 at 8 AM = 5 days Jan 7 at 8 AM = 6 days Jan 8 at 8 AM = 7 days

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 35 Activities, Videos or Discussion  Good Production Practice No. 5  Worksheet Activity 5-1: Residues (chocolate milk activity)

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 36 GPP 6 – Medication & Drug Labels “Understanding Medication and Drug Labels” “Take Time to Read the Label”

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 37 GPP 6 - Medication Labels Product Name Active Ingr. Labeled Species Treatment Indications Dosage Cautions & Withdrawal Time

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 38 GPP 6 – Accountability of Drugs   Drug inventory records keep track of how much medication is “in stock” (available)   Drug usage records keep track of how much medication was “used”

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 39 Activities, Videos or Discussion  Good Production Practice No. 6  Worksheet Activity 6-1: Reading labels Label 1 for younger youthLabel 1 for younger youth Label 2 for older youthLabel 2 for older youth  Worksheet Activity 6-2: Reading a swine feed tag

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 40 GPP 7 – Administering Medication “Using Proper Techniques with Medication Administration” Understand and Use:   Proper Administration Procedures   Proper Equipment   Proper Administration Locations

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 41 GPP 7 -Administration of Drugs   Subcutaneous Injections (SubQ)   Under the Skin/Hide   Intramuscular Injections (IM)   Injection into Muscle Tissue   Intravenous Injections (IV)   Injection into Vein   Performed by Veterinarian

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 42 GPP 7 -Administration of Drugs   Intranasal (IN)   Sprayed into Nasal Cavity   Topical   Pour-on, Dips, Sprays, Powders   Oral Medication   Though food, water or drench

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 43 GPP 7 - Injection Equipment Equipment guidelines:  Use sterile needles  Use clean syringes  NEVER use a bent or broken needle  Clean reusable syringes properly  Dispose of used needles in Sharps Container

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 44 GPP 7- Administration Locations

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 45 GPP 7- Administration Locations  Beef and Dairy Cattle should not be given more than 10 cc per injection site  Sheep, goats and swine should not be given more than 5 cc per injection site  Small animal range from 2 to 3 cc per injection site

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 46 Activities, Videos or Discussion  Good Production Practice No. 7  Worksheet Activity 7-1: Giving injections

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 47 GPP 8 – Feed Mixing “Follow appropriate feed mixing and diet developing procedures”

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 48 GPP 8- Feed Mixing Current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) Current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP)  Keep buildings and grounds neat and clean  Maintain and clean equipment  Organize feed workspace and storage  Develop guideline to assure quality feeds  Read and understand all medicated feed labels  Extra-Label Use of feed medication is ILLEGAL  Maintain good feed records and inventories

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 49 Activities, Videos or Discussion  Good Production Practice No. 8  Worksheet Activity 8-1: Feed mixing  Worksheet Activity 8-2: Feed mixing

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 50 GPP 9 – Caretaker Training “Train all animal caretakers on all Good Production Practices” Training all caretakers in our operation or family is important to insure the best care is given for the well-being of all livestock/animals.

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 51 GPP 9 - Caretaker Checklist  Contact Information  How to contact owner  How to contact veterinarian  Animal Information  Species and number of animals  Location of animals  Feeding/Watering Instructions  Feed storage area  Feed and water amounts  Observation and general health care  Medication if necessary

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 52 Activities, Videos or Discussion  Good Production Practice No. 9  Worksheet Activity 9-1: Preventing problems with the care of animals  Worksheet Activity 9-2: Humane and inhumane practices

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 53 What is the importance of having written documentation of a VCPR, medication and treatment records and caretaker training?  Provides verification that a veterinarian has assumed responsibility for making medical judgments regarding health of animal.  Provides verification about the medication and treatment administered to animals.  Provides verification that caretaker have received adequate training. GPP 10 – Written Documentation

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 54 GPP 10 - Euthanasia   Euthanasia is the humane death of an animal with minimal pain or distress.   It is important to have a written action plan when performing euthanasia.   Use of a safe method   Equipment is in proper repair and functional   Procedure is conducted by an “adult”   Minimize pain or distress of animal   Timely (severely sick or injured animal)

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 55 GPP 10 – Emergency Action Plan   Quick communication is important.   Provide a list of contacts to call:   Veterinarian   Fire department   Police   Other  Your name  Parent’s name  Alternate caretaker  Farm employee

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 56 GPP 10 – Emergency Detection   If you have animals housed indoors, there are systems available to warn you about power failures, temperature changes, ventilation failure or other emergencies.   Action should be taken immediately when an emergency occurs.

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 57 GPP 10 – Emergency Backup   If you have your animals housed indoors with a mechanical ventilation system, you need a backup system to get air into the building.   Curtain drops automatically   Backup generator   Use of another device, or system

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 58 GPP 10 – Daily observation   Key factors:   Assess effectiveness of health program   Assess well-being of animals   Assess effectiveness of nutrition program   Assess suitability of facilities   Method of documentation of daily observation   Keep a daily log or record Daily temperature Amount of feed given

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 59 GPP 10 - Ventilation   If animals are housed indoors, building factors can affect their health and well-being.   Need proper ventilation management   Air temperature   Air quality   Need to assess animal behavior   Huddling, shivering, piling   Increased respiration rate, panting   Need to assess air quality   Gases, dust, watery eyes

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 60 GPP 10 – Facilities Maintenance   You need to make sure the following items are well maintained to prevent injuries and/or allow proper growth of animals:   Penning materials   Feeders and feed delivery system   Waterers   Flooring   Alleyways   Chutes

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 61 GPP 10 – Willful Acts of Abuse   Willful acts of abuse and neglect of animals are unacceptable on any farm or ranch.   Willful acts of abuse and neglect that intentionally cause pain and suffering include, but not limited to:   Applying prods to sensitive parts of the animal’s eyes, ears, nose or rectum   Malicious hitting or beating of an animal   Purposeful failure to provide minimal food, water or care that results in significant harm or death of animals

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 62 GPP 10 – Body Condition Score   Body condition scores are useful to:   Assess the adequacy of the nutrition program   Help visually identify animals that may require additional attention   Body condition scores are generally used to assess the body condition of breeding- gestating females.

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 63 The scoring system for sows uses finger or hand pressure on the ribs, back bone, hook bones, pin bones. Fat cover Ribs Back bone Hook bones Hook bones GPP 10 – Body Condition Score

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 64 Body Condition Scores – Sows Detection of ribs, back bone, ScoreCondition“H” bones, and pin bones 1EmaciatedObvious 2ThinEasily detected with pressure 3IdealBarely felt with firm pressure 4FatNone 5Overly fatNone Parker and Coffey, University of Kentucky

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 65 Adapted from “Body Condition Scoring Beef Cows” by D.A. Eversole, M.F. Browne, J.B. Hall, and R.E. Dietz (Publication ; 2000) SCOREDESCRIPTION (Beef cows) 1Emaciated with muscle atrophy and no detectable fat. Tail head and ribs project prominently. 2Poor condition with muscle atrophy and no detectable fat. Tail head and ribs prominent. 3Thin condition with slight muscle atrophy and very little detectable fat. All ribs visible. 4Borderline condition. Outline of spine slightly visible. Outline of 3 to 5 ribs visible. Some fat over ribs and hips. 5Moderate condition and good overall appearance. Outline of spine no longer visible. Outline of 1 to 2 ribs visible. Fat over hips but still visible. 6High moderate condition. Ribs and spine no longer visible. Pressure applied to feel bone structure. Some fat in brisket and flanks. 7Good, fleshy appearance. Hips slightly visible but ribs and spine not visible. Fat in brisket and flanks with slight udder and tail head fat. 8Fat, fleshy, and over-conditioned. Bone structure not visible. Large patchy fat deposits over ribs, around tail head, and brisket. 9Extremely fat, wasty, and patchy. Mobility possibly impaired. Bone structure not visible. Extreme fat deposits over ribs, around tail head, and brisket Parker and Coffey, University of Kentucky

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 66 Body Condition Scores – Dairy Cows Taken from “Elanco Body Condition Scoring” by Elanco Animal Health (Copyright 1994) 2345 Deep cavity around tail head. Bones of pelvis and short ribs sharp and easily felt. No fatty tissue in pelvic or loin area. Deep depression in loin. 1 Shallow cavity around tail head with some fatty tissue lining it and covering the pins. Pelvis easily felt. Ends of short ribs feel rounded and upper surfaces can be felt with slight pressure. Depression visible in loin area. No cavity around tail head and fatty tissue easily felt over whole area. Pelvis can be felt with slight pressure. Thick layer of tissue covering top of short ribs which can still be felt with pressure. Slight depression in loin area. Folds of fatty tissue are seen around tail head with patches of fat covering pin bones. Pelvis can be felt with firm pressure. Short ribs can no longer be felt. No depression in loin area. Tail head is buried in thick layer of fatty tissue. Pelvic bones cannot be felt even with firm pressure. Short ribs covered with thick layer of fatty tissue. Parker and Coffey, University of Kentucky

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 67 Body Condition Scores – Sheep/Goats Spine prominent and sharp No fat cover Transverse process sharp Fingers easily pass under Condition 1 - Emaciated Spine prominent and smooth Thin fat cover Transverse process rounded Fingers go under with pressure Condition 2 - Thin Muscles medium depth Spine rounded and smooth Moderate fat cover Transverse process smooth and rounded Fingers need hard pressure to find ends Condition 3 - Average Muscles full Spine detected only as a line Fat cover thick Transverse process cannot be felt Condition 4 - Fat Muscles full Spine not detectable; fat dimple over spine Fat cover very thick Transverse process not detectable Condition 5 - Obese Muscles very full Adapted from “Body Condition Scoring of Sheep” by J.M. Thompson and H. Meyer (Oregon State University) Parker and Coffey, University of Kentucky

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 68 GPP 10 – Animal Care “Maintain proper daily care for the animal’s best well-being”   Proper Facilities   Daily Care   Proper Handling

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 69 GPP 10 -Facilities  Proper Size  Proper Protection  Feeding Facilities  Watering Equipment

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 70 GPP 10 -Daily Care  Observe Animals  Proper Feeding  Proper Water Supply  Maintain/Clean Facilities Daily Care is important at home but is also top priority when at progress shows and fairs.

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 71 GPP 10 -Handling Livestock Understanding Animals’:  Flight Zone  Comfort Zone  Blind Spot  Range of Vision  Point of Balance  Movement Flight Zone (Comfort Zone)

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 72 Activities, Videos or Discussion  Good Production Practice No. 10  Worksheet Activity 10-1: Watering animals  Worksheet Activity 10-2: Space requirements for housing and feeding animals

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 73 Summary of Assuring Quality  Promise to always strive to produce the highest quality product you can  Develop a strong VCPR  Follow the Good Production Practices  Remember YOU are important to the future of the livestock industry

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Know how. Know now. 74 Extension is a Division of the Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources at the University of Nebraska– Lincoln cooperating with the Counties and the United States Department of Agriculture. University of Nebraska–Lincoln Extension educational programs abide with the nondiscrimination policies of the University of Nebraska–Lincoln and the United States Department of Agriculture.