June 2004 E I H P 2 European Integrated Hydrogen Project - Phase II European Integrated Hydrogen Project - Phase 2 - Results 15 th World Hydrogen Energy Conference Yokohama, Japan June 27 to July 02, 2004 Presentation by Reinhold Wurster, L-B-Systemtechnik GmbH On behalf of the European Integrated Hydrogen Project EIHP2

June 2004 E I H P 2 European Integrated Hydrogen Project - Phase II Hydrogen Fuelled Vehicles - Challenges to be Resolved

June 2004 E I H P 2 European Integrated Hydrogen Project - Phase II International Landscape of Vehicle Legal Requirements and Standards Source: ELEDRIVE, 2003

June 2004 E I H P 2 European Integrated Hydrogen Project - Phase II European Integrated Hydrogen Project - Objectives Phase 1:1998 – 2000 Main focus on hydrogen fueled vehicles Vehicle - development of draft UNECE regulations Infrastructure - only very limited analysis Safety studies and limited computer simulations Phase 2: Enhanced focus on hydrogen vehicle refueling infrastructure Vehicle - continued work to develop draft UNECE regulations and initiate work on a global level (GTR) Infrastructure - refueling stations and fueling interface - EU and North America Safety studies, computer simulations and first limited safety tests Objectives:Initiate and provide inputs to support the development of legal requirements and standards on an EU and global level for the approval of hydrogen fuelled road vehicles, hydrogen refueling infrastructure and the relevant interfaces.

June 2004 E I H P 2 European Integrated Hydrogen Project - Phase II WP1:Overall Co-ordination - EIHP2 webpage at WP2:Refuelling Station Input to risk assessment studies, risk reducing measures and recommendations of aspects to be addressed in future development of regulations and standard Gaseous hydrogen vehicle refuelling stations – guideline for designers and operators Risk based maintenance and inspection protocol for hydrogen refuelling stations WP3:Refuelling Interface It was concluded that for non-articulated single deck city buses an on-board storage pressure between 20 and 35MPa is the optimum Better understanding of the thermodynamic flow phenomena occurring during the filling at high pressures and software development for a better definition of the tank filling process and a better tank design procedure Different LH 2 refuelling procedures have been examined considering requirements and different fuelling concepts while testing nozzles and considering different operating parameters Results Achieved in EIHP2

June 2004 E I H P 2 European Integrated Hydrogen Project - Phase II WP4:Vehicle Initiating discussions at GRPE ( working party on pollution and energy, subsidiary body of WP.29 the world forum for harmonisation of vehicle regulations, member of UNECE ) regarding ECE/GTR. Work on the draft ECE regulations has progressed to the most advanced state possible by supporting the GRPE Informal Group on H2/FCVs. Both the LH 2 draft and the CGH 2 draft have now reached the status of official documents at GRPE and could be forwarded to WP.29 for political voting In terms of periodic inspection a draft amending the directive 96/96/EC has been created and prepared for forwarding to ACEA/OICA (European/world association of automobile manufacturers)in order to start the approval process Storage systems for liquid and compressed gaseous hydrogen have been manufactured and their safe and reliable functioning has been proved Automobiles using these H2 storage systems have been developed or are currently progressing through the design phase Several meetings/ workshops were attended: a workshop with US authorities, several meetings with ISO TC 197, meetings with ISO and GRPE, a workshop with ELEDRIVE, attendance to the launch of the European H2 Technology Platform Results Achieved in EIHP2 (2)

June 2004 E I H P 2 European Integrated Hydrogen Project - Phase II Two Pathways to Present a Proposal for a Regulation GRPE working party on pollution and energy Working Party 29 (WP.29) New Vehicles Construction Economic Commission for Europe Inland Transport Committee ITC Secretary General of the UN REGULATIONS UN-ECE MVEG Motor Vehicle Emission Group Motor Vehicle Working Group - - European Commission - EU Council and EU Parliament DIRECTIVES EC Binding for WVTA (Valid for: EU)

June 2004 E I H P 2 European Integrated Hydrogen Project - Phase II UNECE WP29 - Global Platform for Harmonisation of Legal Requirements for Road Vehicles UNECE, WP29 Harmonized regulation in a global register Japan USA EU Australia Request for a harmonized regulation Global Technical Regulation (1998 Agreement) UNECE Regulation (1958 Agreement) MEMBERS OF THE 1958 AGREEMENT: [(E/ECE/324-E/ECE/TRANS/505/Rev.2)] GERMANY, FRANCE, ITALY, NETHERLANDS, SWEDEN, BELGIUM, HUNGARY, CZECH REPUBLIC, SPAIN, YUGOSLAVIA, UNITED KINGDOM, AUSTRIA, LUXEMBOURG, SWITZERLAND, NORWAY, FINLAND, DENMARK, ROMANIA, POLAND, PORTUGAL, RUSSIAN FEDERATION, GREECE, IRELAND, CROATIA, SLOVENIA, SLOVAKIA, BELARUS, ESTONIA, BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA, LATVIA, BULGARIA, TURKEY, THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA, EUROPEAN COMMUNITY, JAPAN, AUSTRALIA, UKRAINE, REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA MEMBERS OF THE 1998 AGREEMENT: [(E/ECE/TRANS/132 AND Corr.1)] CANADA, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, JAPAN, FRANCE, UNITED KINGDOM, EUROPEAN COMMUNITY, GERMANY, RUSSIAN FEDERATION, PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA, REPUBLIC OF KOREA, ITALY, REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA, SPAIN Globally Harmonized Vehicle Approval - Existing Agreements

June 2004 E I H P 2 European Integrated Hydrogen Project - Phase II Globally Harmonized Vehicle Approval – Possible Pathway

June 2004 E I H P 2 European Integrated Hydrogen Project - Phase II Onboard storage-  Two ECE  GTR related issues Regulations (to replace ECE Regs.)   under the 1958 Agreement  ( with limited lifetime )    Rest of H2-Vehicle     GTR (FC, Safety in normal & under the crash conditions; Fuel1998 Agreement Consumption; etc.) (referencing ISO, IEC) (still under discussion in the UNECE GRPE Informal Group on Hydrogen/Fuel Cell Vehicles) Target date for a regulation 2006 Target date for a regulation 2010 Globally Harmonized Vehicle Approval – Parallel Development

June 2004 E I H P 2 European Integrated Hydrogen Project - Phase II Globally Harmonized Standards - an Example Example:CGH 2 Filling Connector EIHP2 provided comments to the development of the national US standards and support to ISO/TC197 to tranfer it into an international ISO standard SAE J2600  ISO/DIS Gaseous hydrogen – Land vehicle filling connectors

June 2004 E I H P 2 European Integrated Hydrogen Project - Phase II WP5:Safety In WP5.1 a state of the art review of existing safety data of hydrogen and other fuels reached the conclusion that a ranking of the relative safety of different fuels will depend on each specific application and potential accident scenario. In WP5.2 a Rapid Risk Ranking (RRR) methodology was developed and applied to different re- fuelling station concepts, identifying risk-reducing measures. Acceptance criteria for hydrogen re-fuelling station risk analysis were also developed. Recommendations for standards and codes of hydrogen re-fuelling stations were identified. In WP5.3 the numerical simulation of various hydrogen release scenarios for commercial vehicles was performed. The work has proven CFD modelling techniques to be a useful tool for investigating the release of hydrogen in real world situations In WP5.4, an extensive experimental programme was completed in order to improve the understanding and knowledge of gas combustion (hydrogen, methane and propane) in semi- confined geometries. In WP5.5. the comparative study of hydrogen and other fuels has shown that the accident consequences depend strongly on the initial and boundary conditions. Therefore each scenario requires a separate analysis. For the worst-case scenarios that were considered in the analysis such as the combination of large hydrogen release rates in confined environments, mitigation and risk-reducing measures have to be developed. Results Achieved in EIHP2 (3)

June 2004 E I H P 2 European Integrated Hydrogen Project - Phase II Source: FZK in EIHP2 Combustion Tests in Semi-confined and Vented Tubes Supporting experiments on safety implications of hydrogen use in road transport

June 2004 E I H P 2 European Integrated Hydrogen Project - Phase II WP6:Links ”EU-USA” + other Cluster Activities - Various US bodies including DoE and IHIG are now fully aware of the role and purpose of EIHP. This has been enabled by the unique ability of global companies to span regional divides - Initial meetings with delegations from the Japanese Electric Vehicle Association and the Japanese Hydrogen Forum have provided a useful first view of the RC&S landscape in Japan - Summaries of RC&S activities in Europe and the US have been produced and a preliminary high- level gap analysis of European C&S for hydrogen infrastructure has been carried out and shared with key stakeholders in the US Some high level conclusions resulting from the above initiatives are stated here: - The leadership of the DoE in the US has provided a much-needed framework for RC&S activities in the US which is enabling a focused approach - Japan is viewed as the most advanced and coordinated with respect to RC&S activities, driven by their desire to commercialise hydrogen vehicles in EIHP2 is viewed as a significant strength within Europe by the US but the view still persists that its main function is to create competitive advantage - Comparison of US and EU gap analyses for infrastructure RC&S activities reveals a great deal of similarity in key areas requiring progress. This is a good basis for future international collaboration. Results Achieved in EIHP2 (4)

June 2004 E I H P 2 European Integrated Hydrogen Project - Phase II Further Work on Safety and RC&S Initiated from EIHP2 EC-funded Network of Excellence “Safety of Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier” - HySafe UNECE GRPE Informal Group "Hydrogen/ Fuel Cell Vehicles" [ ] HarmonHy - Harmonization of Standards and Regulations for a sustainable Hydrogen and Fuel Cell technology Expression of Interest “Hyapproval” Handbook for certification of public hydrogen filling stations

June 2004 E I H P 2 European Integrated Hydrogen Project - Phase II  do not re-invent the wheel  join forces internationally in the largest automotive markets (Europe, USA, Japan, China)  use existing regulatory and standardization bodies (UN, ISO, IEC) with active participation of all stakeholders  avoid misunderstandings and misperceptions as early as possible  avoid duplications and contradictory/ inconsistent approaches  for implementation of stationary hydrogen equipment learn from requirements of local authorities all over the world (e.g. fire authorities, work safety authorities, environmental authorities) responsible for issuing permits Conclusions from EIHP2 on RC&S

June 2004 E I H P 2 European Integrated Hydrogen Project - Phase II Thank you for your attention! For the Final Report and for any upcoming information please visit Thank You !

June 2004 E I H P 2 European Integrated Hydrogen Project - Phase II Backup Slides on Global H2 Vehicle Approval Backup

June 2004 E I H P 2 European Integrated Hydrogen Project - Phase II Legal Requirements and Regulations are ranked above standards UN Global Technical Regulation [1998 Agreement]1 st priority UNECE Regulation [1958 Agreement]2 nd priority EEC Directives3 rd priority National Directives and Regulations4 th priority Important directives regarding stationary hydrogen technologies and infrastructure systems are: –ATEX directives –PED (Pressurised Equipment Directive) –EMC (electromagnetic compatibility) directive –The Machinery Safety Directive –SEVESO II (large amounts of haz. mat.) –Transport of dangerous goods by road –UN IMO Standards (ISO, IEC, ……….. CEN, SAE) International Regulations, EU Directives, and Standards

June 2004 E I H P 2 European Integrated Hydrogen Project - Phase II Reasons for Developing European Harmonised Legal Requirements Some 44 directives have to be applied in order to receive an approval for a road vehicle in Europe. If a vehicle is successfully tested according to these 44 EC directives or equivalent ECE regulations it has to be approved. The result is a Whole Vehicle Type Approval. If approval is sought for a hydrogen vehicle, emissions, fuel consumption and engine power cannot be tested according to the existing directives/ regulations. The reason is mainly the absence of a standardised reference fuel or the absence of a test procedure and the absence of corresponding EC directives respectively ECE regulations. Some other directives can be fulfilled formally, but from the technical point of view they should be revised for hydrogen vehicles. Some requirements regarding the safety of the hydrogen on-board storage systems are missing in the existing directives.

June 2004 E I H P 2 European Integrated Hydrogen Project - Phase II Legal Situation for Approval of Road Vehicles in Europe SubjectEEC-Directive/ECE-Regulation 1. Emissions70/220/EEC incl. latest amendment & ECE R83 2. Fuel tanks/rear protective device70/221/EEC incl. latest amendment & ECE R34/58 3. Identification of controls78/316/EEC incl. latest amendment 4. Fuel consumption80/1268/EEC incl. latest amendment & ECE R Engine Power80/1269/EEC incl. latest amendment & ECE R84 6. Side impact96/27/EC & ECE R95 7. Frontal impact96/79/EC & ECE R94 8. Roadworthiness tests96/96/EC & PTI 9. CO2 labeling99/94/EC 10. Base Directive70/156/EEC incl. latest amendment 11. Electric VehiclesNEW EC Directive & ECE R Defrost/Demist78/317/EWG (already under progress) List of directives/ regulations to be amended for road vehicles

June 2004 E I H P 2 European Integrated Hydrogen Project - Phase II The path of Council Directive No 98/14/EC, article 8(2)c, to approve hydrogen fuelled vehicles:  Excessive amount of time required 4 Uncertainty of the outcome of the process up until the very end 4Not suitable for electric drive vehicles (FCVs, HEVs)  A draft regulation for hydrogen vehicles should be developed Why Develop a New Regulation for Hydrogen Road Vehicles ?

June 2004 E I H P 2 European Integrated Hydrogen Project - Phase II Hydrogen road vehicles with direct ICE-drive can obtain a whole vehicle type approval already today under the existing exemption process from EC Hydrogen road vehicles with electric drive other than battery-electric (e.g. H 2 -hybrid vehicles or fuel cell vehicles) cannot yet obtain WVTA through this process. Therefore, in 1998, EIHP started to develop two draft regulation documents for CGH 2 and LH 2 road vehicles to be submitted to UNECE (TRANS/WP.29/ GRPE/2004/3, 31 October 2003 and TRANS/WP.29/GRPE/2003/14, 7 March 2003) in order to improve and solve this situation. These UNECE documents are still under discussion and the aim is to transfer them to legal requirements by Why Develop a New Regulation for Hydrogen Road Vehicles ? (2)

June 2004 E I H P 2 European Integrated Hydrogen Project - Phase II Application for a European Whole Vehicle Type Approval (WVTA) Technical Service for pressure vessels EU-CommissionCATP Application for approval (incl. exemption) Technical Service Automotive Dept. Report Decision EU-Commission Approval for high pressure parts and report Expertise National approval authority WVTA restricted to 36 months National approval authority [C urrent process according to exemption by Council Directive N° 98/14/EC, article 8(2)c ] WVTA non-restricted [Improvement of situation ruled by Directive N° 98/14/EC]

June 2004 E I H P 2 European Integrated Hydrogen Project - Phase II Normally the approval process takes several months and includes the following steps: Application for authorization Response from the authorities: A permission document with detailed description of all requirements Public hearing of the permission document Permission to build / establish the facilities Inspections of the established facilities, by Public Authorities / Notified Body Approval of the facilities and permission to operate Licences, permits, and certificates : Building licence Environmental licence Operational licence CE certificates ( which includes detailed documentation of the equipment ) Third party inspection document / certificate Authorities involved in the approval process are normally: Environment Authorities Fire and Explosion Authorities Municipal Building Authorities Civil Work Authorities Important aspects regarding authority approval Relevant national regulations Risk analysis –knowledge about hydrogen safety related properties not yet fully explored –relevant operation and accident statistics missing or insufficient CE marking –dependent on risk analysis, testing and operation experience EIHP2 Working Draft – Gaseous Hydrogen Vehicle Refuelling Stations EIGA Document IGC 15/96/E (gaseous Hydrogen Installations) Documents assisting local implementation in Europe EoI ‘HyApproval’ Local Implementation of Stationary H 2 Equipment