Project Design and Planning Sequence of Systematic Project Design http://www.mekonginstitute.org/ 1

The sequence of Objectives-Oriented Project Planning (OOPP) Problem Analysis Participants Anal. Objectives Analysis Alternatives Analysis 1. 2. 3. Log. Framework Plan of Operations http://www.mekonginstitute.org/ 2

Visualization in Participatory Project Planning (VIPP) Make your plan: Visible Readable Changeable Movable http://www.mekonginstitute.org/ 3

PCM Workshop-House Rules Write your own idea on a card. Write only one idea on a card. Describe in a clear and brief sentence. Stick to the facts, and avoid abstraction and generalizations. Write your ideas on the cards before beginning discussion. Obtain a consensus when removing cards from the board. http://www.mekonginstitute.org/ 4

ANALYSIS STAGE Stakeholders Analysis Problems Analysis Objectives Alternative Analysis PLANNING STAGE PDM Plan of Operation (PO) PDM http://www.mekonginstitute.org/ 5

Analyze existing situation Identify important problems Problem Analysis Analyze existing situation Identify important problems Define core problem Draw cause effect relationship Why? http://www.mekonginstitute.org/ 6

Problem Tree Direct Effects EFFECTS CORE PROBLEM Core Problem CAUSES Direct Causes http://www.mekonginstitute.org/ 7

Rice productivity is low. Example: Problem Tree Household Income decreases. Farmers Have to work long hours. EFFECTS Core Problem Rice productivity is low. CAUSES Arable land is very limited Irrigation system Does not work properly Traditional Farming methods are used.. Main facilities are not well maintained Terminal Facilities Are not well maintained Farmers Do not want To Apply fertilizers Farmers Cannot afford To buy modern equipment http://www.mekonginstitute.org/ 8

Write existing problems only. Write only one problem per card. Tip for Writing Problem Cards Write existing problems only. Write only one problem per card. Describe the problem in a sentence Do not include both the cause and the effect of a problem on one card. Try to avoid expressions such as “No resources is available.” (instead, describe the conditions resulting from the lack or absence of the particular) http://www.mekonginstitute.org/ 9

Exercise 2: Your Problem Tree Generating activities Women cannot be involved in Income Generating activities Core Problem http://www.mekonginstitute.org/ 10

Avoid Prefer Farmers cannot receive appropriate medical treatment There is no hospital Technical skills are inadequate and vehicles are in poor condition Technical skills of train operator are inadequate Vehicles are in poor condition Irrigation system Irrigation system does not work properly http://www.mekonginstitute.org/ 11

Identify future alternatives objective (add if necessary) Objective Analysis Rephrase the problems (negative statements) into objectives (positive statements) Identify future alternatives objective (add if necessary) http://www.mekonginstitute.org/ 12

Step 3: Objectives Analysis A Process to change “cause-effect” relationships that were clarified in the Problem Analysis to “means-ends” relationships that would be attained in the project. Problem Objectives Farmers cannot receive appropriate medical treatment Farmers canreceive appropriate medical treatment Tap water is contaminated with soil residue Tap water has nocontaminated with soil residue Rice productivity Is low Rice productivity increases http://www.mekonginstitute.org/ 13

Objective Tree Negative Positive http://www.mekonginstitute.org/ Ends Effect CORE PROBLEM CORE OBLECTIVE Means Cause http://www.mekonginstitute.org/ 14

Objective Tree <Positive> Problem Tree <Negative> Household Income decrease Household Income increase Farmers ‘s Workload is reduced Farmers have to work long hours. Core Problem Rice Productivity is low Rice Productivity increase Core Objective Arable land is very limited Irrigation system does not work properly Traditional farming methods Are used More arable land is available Irrigation system work properly Modern farming methods are introduced Main facilities are not well maintained Main facilities are well maintained Farmers apply fertilizers Farmers Do not want to apply fertilizers http://www.mekonginstitute.org/ 15

Tips for Writing Objective Cards Describe desirable situations on the cards 2. Confirm the statement whether it is realistic or not. 3. Confirm the statement whether it is feasible or not. 4. Add new cards if necessary. 5. You may not have to rewrite all the problem cards. 6. Do not become an automatic “translation machine” http://www.mekonginstitute.org/ 16

Exercise 3: Your Objective Tree Core Objective http://www.mekonginstitute.org/ 17

Participants/Stakeholder Analysis Identify Key Persons, groups, institutions, organizations, etc. Form categories, beneficiaries, implementers, partners, etc. Analyze the groups Identify consequences of project http://www.mekonginstitute.org/ 18

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