IT Introduction to Information Technology CHAPTER 04

Computers Basic Components needed for a functioning computer

Basic Components Motherboard Central Processing Unit (CPU) Memory (RAM) Video Card/Adapter

Basic Components Hard Drive Optical Drive Case Power Supply

Basic Components MonitorKeyboardMouse Operating System (OS) Floppy Drive

Modern Computers ATX computers are the current standard form-factor for PCs

The System Unit The Case that contains electronic components Mid-Tower Mini-Tower Desktop Full-Tower Micro-ATX

The Motherboard System Board – The main circuit board of the system unit ASROCK “K7VT6“ ASROCK “P4V88 RAID

The Motherboard Motherboard Chipsets Those components that allow the motherboard and other parts of a computer to function together AMDINTEL ALIATI NVIDIAVIA SIS

The Motherboard Some Motherboard Manufacturers ASUSASROCK ABITCHAINTECH GIGABYTEAOPEN INTELDFI MSIECS SOYOJETWAY TYANPCCHIPS ALBATRONSUPERMICRO

The Motherboard Motherboard Key is to make sure your motherboard supports the CPU, RAM, and expansion cards you plan on using

The Processor “The Brains of the Computer” Components Control Unit Arithmetic & Logic Unit

The Processor Control Unit Reads & Interprets Program Instructions Directs the Operation of the Processor Controls the flow of programs and data into and out of memory

The Processor Arithmetic & Logic Unit Arithmetic: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division Logic: Comparisons (And, Or, Not)

The Processor Machine Cycle FetchDecodeExecuteStore

The Processor Fetch Calls an instruction into memory

The Processor Decode Figures out what the instruction is trying to do

The Processor Execute Does the decoded instruction Add 2+2

The Processor Store Puts the answer 4 into memory for use by another instruction

The Processor Pipelining Executing multiple instructions at the same time FETCHDECODEEXECUTESTORE Instruction 1 Instruction 2 Instruction 3 Instruction 4

The Processor The System Clock A Crystal Oscillator on the Motherboard that paces the machine cycle

The Processor Clock Cycle Measured in MHz or GHz Megahertz = 1,000,000 cycles/sec Gigahertz = 1,000,000,000 cycles/sec

The Processor Clock Cycle One clock cycle is calculated by dividing 1 by the MHz or GHz Example: (800 MHz CPU) 1/800,000,000 = or 1.25 nanoseconds (nano = billionth) (1.25 billionths of a second)

The Processor Clock Cycle The shorter the clock cycle the faster the processor

The Processor Types of Processors AMD Athlon X2INTEL Core2Duo

The Processor CPU Installation ZIF Socket = Zero-Insertion Force Socket

The Processor CPU Installation Heat Sinks & Fans

The Processor Parallel Processing Multiple processors work together to complete a set of instructions Control CPU CPU 01 CPU 02 Answer

The Processor Dual-Core Processors INTEL Core2Duo AMD Athlon X2

The Processor Data Representation ANALOGDIGITAL BINARY SYSTEM (2)

The Processor Bit = 0 or 1 Byte = 8 bits Byte = Character (ABC, 012, etc)

The Processor Hertz a unit of frequency of electrical vibrations equal to one cycle per second

The Processor MHz – Megahertz Mega = Million GHz – Gigahertz Giga = Billion THz – Terahertz Tera = Trillion

INTEL Pentium 3 CeleronCeleron-DPentium-M Pentium 4 Pentium 4 Extreme Edition XeonItaniumCore2Duo

AMD AthlonDuronSempron Athlon XP Athlon MP Opteron Athlon 64 Athlon 64 FX Athlon X2

The Processor Where to find information about Processors:

MEMORY Random Access Memory (RAM)

MEMORY Kilobyte (KB/K) = 1,024 bytes or 2 10 or 2 10 Megabyte (MB/M) = 1,048,576 bytes or 2 20 Gigabyte (GB/G) = 1,073,741,824 bytes or 2 30

MEMORY Memory Speeds: Millisecond = One-thousandth/sec Microsecond = One-millionth/sec Nanosecond = One-billionth/sec Picosecond = One-trillionth/sec

MEMORY Most common form of memory is Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM)

MEMORY Common RAM Types SDRAM DDR SDRAM

MEMORY Common RAM Types DDR2 SDRAM RDRAM (RAMBUS)

MEMORY Common DDR SDRAM Types DDR SpeedPC Rating DDR 200PC1600 DDR 266PC2100 DDR 333PC2700 DDR 400PC3200 DDR2 400PC3200 DDR2 533PC4200 DDR2 667PC5300 DDR2 800PC6400

MEMORY How Much RAM do I Need? 256 MB Minimum for Windows XP 512 MB Minimum for Audio/Video Editing 1000 MB Minimum for 3D Design/Animation 2000 MB for Windows XP x MB for Windows Vista x MB for Windows Vista x64

MEMORY CACHE High Speed Memory that stores instructions and data for frequent use

MEMORY L1 Cache – CPU - Fastest 8 KB to 128 KB 2-4ns L2 Cache – Motherboard - Slower 64 KB to 4 MB 3-6ns L3 Cache – Motherboard – Slower 256 KB – 4 MB 4-8ns

MEMORY Read Only Memory (ROM) Cannot Erase Stores Permanent Data and Instructions

MEMORY BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is the built-in software that determines what a computer can do without accessing programs from a disk

MEMORY Flash Memory Can be erased electronically CMOS - Uses a Battery to retain data Also external form available:

Expansion Slots Expands the capabilities of a computer

Adapter Cards Adds new features to the computer Page 204

Ports Allows connection of peripherals Page

Buses An electrical channel for the computer components to communicate Bus Width (bits) Bus Speed (MHz) Bus Bandwidth (MBytes/sec) 8-bit ISA bit ISA EISA VLB PCI bit PCI AGP AGP (x2 mode)3266x AGP (x4 mode)3266x41,017.3 AGP (x8 mode)3266x82,034.4 PCI-X GB/Sec Peripheral Component Interconnect Extended

BAYS Page 212

QUESTIONS?

Assignment # 02 Page 223 True/False 1-12 Page 224 Multiple Choice 1-14 Page 225 Matching 1-10 Short Answer 1-5