6.1: The Gilded Age—The Rise of Big Business & the Closing of the Western Frontier Follow along in the student packet: “Content students MUST KNOW to be successful on the GHSGT” (p. 105-107)

Reconstruction & Rise of Jim Crow USA in the Gilded Age: 1870-1900 Industrialization Ranching, Mining, Farming Reconstruction & Rise of Jim Crow

USA in the Gilded Age: 1870-1900 The South: After the failure of Reconstruction in 1877, the South entered the Jim Crow era Industry was regional by 1890: (a) NE had 85% of industry, (b) the sparsely-settled West provided raw materials for industry, & (c) the South was still recovering from war (made tobacco, iron & textiles; but ½ as many manufactured goods as NY state)

Sharecropping & Segregation

USA in the Gilded Age: 1870-1900 The West: Farmers, ranchers, & miners closed the last of the frontier at the expense of Indians

Mining was the 1st attraction to the West; Miners created “instant towns” in areas where gold or silver was discovered

Cattle Ranchers on the “Open Range”

The Farming Bonanza In 1862, the U.S. government began the Homestead Act which encouraged farmers to settle in the West by offering 160 acres of land to families who promised to live there for 5 years A pioneer sod house

Irish workers made up a large percentage of laborers on the eastern section Chinese workers made up a large percentage of laborers on the western leg 1st transcontinental railroad connected the west coast to eastern cities in 1869

Populists Populists were westerners who wanted “Free silver” (Bi-metalism) Regulation of railroads Income tax Direction election of senators

Native Americans in the West: Major Battles & Reservations Little Big Horn—Sioux surrounded & killed US Army division led by Custer Wounded Knee—Indians were killed to stop performance of Ghost Dance ritual

The Original Native Americans Indian tribes retained only a few reservations set aside by the U.S. government

Experienced an industrial revolution, mass immigration, & urbanization USA in the Gilded Age: 1870-1900 The North: Experienced an industrial revolution, mass immigration, & urbanization

America became the world’s leader in railroad, steel, & oil production

“Big Business” Monopolies (trusts): Companies that controlled the majority of one industry: Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Carnegie’s U.S. Steel Vanderbilt’s railroads

Robber Barons or Captains of Industry?

“New Immigration” & Urbanization

Ellis Island was the primary receiving port for _________ immigrants Ellis Island was the primary receiving port for _________ immigrants. Asian immigrants were primarily processed at ______ Island in the San Francisco Bay. European Angel Ellis Island a primary U.S. immigration port. An aerial view of Ellis Island, which served as a primary U.S. immigration port from 1892 to 1954. From 1855 to 1892, immigrants who reached New York had arrived by ferry at Castle Garden, where many of the admission procedures were designed to protect immigrants from exploitation and hardship. The explosion of immigration in the 1880s created the need for a more systematic processing center for the millions of newcomers. The Bureau of immigration, created in 1891, had a changed responsibility: to develop admission procedures that would weed out undesirable immigrants. New facilities were needed to carry out the required inspections, and Congress in 1890 authorized the construction of a new processing center on an abandoned Civil War munitions storage site close to the New Jersey shore. The original wooden building burned in 1897, and was replaced by a complex of red brick buildings completed in 1901.

Working & Living Conditions

"Five cents a spot" unauthorized rental lodgings. "Five cents a spot" was the title reforming photographer Jacob Riis (1849-1914) gave to this image of unauthorized rental lodgings in a Bayard Street, New York City, tenement about 1890. The welcome many immigrants received was meagre at best. For "Birds of Passage" (men who came without their families, hoping to earn enough to return to their native countries with sufficient savings to live better lives there), inexpensive lodgings without comfort were endurable if it meant saving money. Tenements such as this one might even rent out beds in eight-hour shifts to get a maximum return

The Thirteenth Amendment ended 9 32 slavery  Black codes  the Civil War  Jim Crow Laws 10

The court case that established the "separate but equal" doctrine was 9 32 Marbury vs. Madison. Dred Scott vs. Sanford. Miranda vs. Arizona. Plessy vs. Ferguson. 10

American Federation of Labor. Knights of Labor. Wobblies. This labor union (created by Samuel Gompers) was open only to skilled, white male workers 7 32 American Federation of Labor. Knights of Labor. Wobblies. National Workers Association. 10

Poor, run-down urban apartments were also called: 9 32 slums tenements suburbs skyscrapers 10

Outlawing the Indian Sun (Ghost) Dance in 1890 resulted in the 32 Battle of Little Big Horn Battle of Potowanamie Creek Massacre at Sand Creek. Battle of Wounded Knee. 10

The two factors that did most to encourage western settlement after the Civil War were 9 32 the gold rush & cattle economy the Homestead Act & the railroad removal of the buffalo & Native Americans from the plains the removal of the Indians & the gold rush 10

Which best explains why Standard Oil was so successful 9 32 interlocking directorate buying stocks “on the margin” labor unions horizontal integration 10

Which population trend occurred in the U.S. from 1860 to 1920? 32 fewer Eastern & Southern European immigrants coming to America the growth of the suburbs people moved from the North to the South growth in American cities 10

The size and power of John D The size and power of John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company caused which of the following? 5 The government created anti-trust laws. The public accepted the benefits of monopolies. Many other businessmen entered the oil business. Many wealthy people chose to give away millions of dollars. 10

the desire to establish military posts the building of new canals Which of the following contributed MOST to the forced removal of Native Americans from the Great Plains from 1867 to 1890? 5 the desire to establish military posts the building of new canals the westward shift of the frontier the desire for more land to grow cotton 10

According to the pie charts on the previous slide, how did immigration to the United States change between 1854 and 1907? 5 The percentage of immigrants coming from Germany and Britain gradually increased. By 1907, Russia replaced Britain as the source of the greatest number of immigrants. The total number of immigrants coming to the United States declined. The percentage of immigrants coming from southern and eastern Europe increased dramatically. 10