Chapter 18 Psychoactive Substance Use Disorders: Drugs.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Substance Abuse Issues October 7, 2011 Dean L. Babcock, LCAC, LCSW Associate Vice President Midtown Community Mental Health Center.
Advertisements

Substance Related Disorders
The Use and Abuse of Psychoactive Drugs Chapter 9.
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS
PCCYFS 2012 Annual Spring Conference Moving Toward Early Intervention in Adolescent Substance Abuse Presented by: Rachel Baker, MA, CAADC Molly Stanton,
Drug Addiction.
Child and Adolescent Psychopathology
Behavioral Disinhibition and the Development of Early-Onset Addiction: Common and Specific Influences William G. Iacono, Stephaen M. Malone, and Matt McGue.
Substance abuse refers to the continued use of the substance despite knowing problems associated with the substance such as persistent desire to use it.
Facts In 2008, an estimated 20.1 million Americans aged 12 or older were current (past-month) illicit drug users. (8.0% of the population) million.
Chapter 2 Theories and Causes
for the PRITE is proud to present And Now Here Is The Host... Insert Name Here.
 It is when one is dependent on any kind of substance, illegal drug or a medication  You may not be able to control your drug use  It can cause an.
SBIRT Module 2: Screening for Substance Use Problems in Primary Care UCSF SBIRT Collaborative Education Project Janice Tsoh, PhD.
Panic Disorder Heidi Catalan Mrs. Marsh Psychology Period 4.
Medical Model of Addiction
Chapter 2 The Problem of Dual Diagnosis. Dual Diagnosis and Comorbidity Dual diagnosis – Describes individuals who meet diagnostic criteria for a mental.
Alcohol and Drug Related Disorders Assessment & Diagnosis SW 593.
Chapter 4 Screening and Assessment of Alcohol/Drug Problems.
Chapter 17 Substance-Related Disorders: Alcohol. Description of the Disorder Shift in the public perception of alcoholism from moral transgression to.
©2010 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Definitions of Substance Abuse, Dependence, and Addiction.
Part II: Vulnerabilities and Risk Factors for Psychopathology
Substance-Related and Impulse-Control Disorders
Substance Use Disorders in Adolescence Chapter 15 Sandra A. Brown, Kristin Tomlinson, and Jennifer Winward.
Mood Disorders: Bipolar
Assessment of Substance Use Disorders
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 17 Substance-Related Disorders – Focus on Alcoholism.
Terrence D. Walton, MSW, CSAC Pretrial Services Agency for the
Drugs and Consciousness Psychoactive Drug: A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood (effects consciousness).
Dr Jonathon Arnold Room 211 c Bosch Building Department of Pharmacology
CHAPTER 16 DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY. Learning Objectives What criteria are used to define and diagnose psychological disorders? What is the perspective.
Schizophrenia and Substance Use Disorders
Multifinality: Same underlying cause, different disorders. Jeremiah Weinstock, PhD OPG Summit 2014 Berkeley, CA.
Copyright © 2013, 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Chapter 37 Drug Abuse I: Basic Considerations.
Alcohol and Other Drugs
Chapter 10 Counseling At Risk Children and Adolescents.
Functions of Hormones in Human Behavior IB Psychology From Levels of Analysis in Psychology.
Substance Disorders Psychoactive = alters behavior/mood Use = ingesting psychoactive substances in moderate amounts - no life impairment - not a disorder.
Case Finding and Care in Suicide: Children, Adolescents and Adults Chapter 36.
Announcements Truth, Lies & Addiction: Secrets of the Tobacco Industry by Dr. Victor DeNoble Wednesday, 10/ :00 Conoco Phillips Alumni Center Psychology.
Trauma, Stressor-related, and Dissociative Disorders
CHAPTER 16 DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY. Abnormality Maladaptiveness  Interferes with personal and social life  Poses danger to self or others Personal.
Drugs An overview.
Chapter 5 Schizophrenia. Description of the Disorder Characterized by broad daily impairments – Social functioning – Difficulties caring for oneself Burdensome.
CHAPTER 9 PERSONALITY DISORDERS. FEATURES OF PERSONALITY DISORDERS Early onset Evident at least since late adolescence Stability No significant period.
Substance-Related Disorders and Addictive Disorders Levels of involvement –Substance use –Substance intoxication –Substance abuse –Substance dependence.
Part IV: Internalizing Behavior Disorders. Anxiety Disorders Chapter 16 Carl F. Weems and Wendy K. Silverman.
Chapter 15: Substance-Related Disorders and Addictive Behaviors Copyright © 2012, 2007 Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 11 Substance-Related Disorders
Substance Use Disorders. A maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant social, emotional, or occupational impairment or distress.
Under the Influence Unit 3 Lesson 6. Objective Explore the effects of drugs and alcohol on consciousness. Explore the effects of drugs and alcohol on.
Depression Goals: What it is how its diagnosed prevention/interventions Depression Goals: -What depression is -How it can be diagnosed -Preventions/interventions.
Brain diseases: Substance abuse and co-occurring disorders Mark Publicker, MD FASAM.
Bell Ringer 11/30 What is addiction? - Have you ever been addicted to something? (keep it school appropriate) TAKE OUT YOUR NOTES: DRUGS AND CONSCIOUSNESS.
CHAPTER 12 SUBSTANCE-RELATED AND ADDICTIVE DISORDERS Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without.
HEA 113 Casey Fay, MS. Understand the Addictive Process Discuss reasons why people choose to use or not to use drugs. Identify the types of drug dependence,
CHAPTER 2: Terms, Models, and Ethical Issues in Substance Abuse and Addiction Substance Abuse and Addiction Treatment: Practical Application of Counseling.
Drugs An overview. Psychoactive Drugs Chemicals that affect our nervous systems; and, as a result, may alter consciousness and awareness, influence how.
Terms Related to Substance Abuse
Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence
Hypnosis An altered state of consciousness brought on by special techniques and that produces responsiveness to suggestions for changes in experience.
Drug Use as a Social Problem
Drugs and Consciousness
Illegal Drug Use in the U.S.
Drug Abuse Munir Gharaibeh, MD, PhD, MHPE
Gender Issues and Addiction
Explaining Drug Use and Abuse Chapter 2
Bassett-UMass MAT ECHO.
SUBSTANCE ABUSE.
Presentation transcript:

Chapter 18 Psychoactive Substance Use Disorders: Drugs

Description of the Disorder Drug use is a prevalent and pervasive issue in the United States SUDs incur a huge cost to society. – $484 billion annually In 2008, about 22.2 million individuals were classified with substance dependence or abuse as defined by DSM-IV-TR Associated with increased risk-taking behavior

Clinical Picture SUDs may result from single or multiple substances Classes of drugs: – Cannabinoids – Hallucinogens – Depressants – Opioids – Stimulants – Inhalants – Dissociative anesthetics

Diagnostic Considerations Maladaptive pattern of behaviors related to substance use Four categories of maladaptive behaviors: 1.Impaired control 2.Social impairment 3.Risky use 4.Pharmacological criteria

Impaired Control Unsuccessful attempts to cut back Taking more than planned Longer duration of use Craving or a perceived need to engage in substance use Craving may consume one’s thoughts

Social Impairment Inability to carry out needs of daily life Failing to fulfill obligations Engaging in substance use rather than social activities Persistent use in spite of negative social impact

Risky Use Continued use when known danger exists Dangerous situation Likely physiological consequences

Pharmacological Criteria Tolerance: State that develops wherein the user needs progressively larger doses of the drug to feel the desired effect Withdrawal: Physical response to specific substances that can occur after extended, consistent use

Epidemiology 8% of Americans over the age of 12 report illicit drug use – Rates of marijuana use are rising, particularly among youth 1.8 million admissions to treatment in 2007 – Largely for alcohol use or alcohol and a secondary substance

Psychological and Biological Assessment Important to assess for other psychological disorders, given the high rate of comorbidity – Assessing for daily impairment and readiness to change may provide useful information for treatment – Functional analysis may also be beneficial – Outcome assessments should be performed to monitor progress Biological methods include: – Urinalysis – Blood, saliva, and hair testing

Etiological Considerations Behavioral genetics – Genetic factors account for a significant portion of the variance in substance use disorders – Genetic influence appears to increase over time until middle adulthood Molecular genetics – Strongest single-gene effects have been found for polymorphisms of the ALDH and ADH genes in Asian samples – GABA receptor genes on chromosome 4 and substance abuse – Polymorphisms in dopamine receptor genes

Etiological Considerations cont. Gene–environment interactions – Stress, the DRD2 gene, and alcohol dependence – MAOA, childhood maltreatment, and alcohol use problems – More environmental measures need to be utilized in genetic studies

Etiological Considerations cont. Brain reward circuits are associated with increased risk – Enhanced activity in regions often associated with reward systems Chronic drug administration is associated with alterations in this system, including decreased extracellular dopamine and reduced D2 receptor availability Brain stress circuits – Greater reactivity in the HPA axis of rats has been associated with greater self-administration of addictive substances – HPA axis activation also associated with increased dopaminergic neurotransmission in reward circuits

Etiological Considerations cont. Neuroadaptation in reward and stress circuitry – Reward and stress circuits become dysregulated with chronic drug use, which creates a state of negative affect when the drug is not used, thus increasing the reinforcing properties of the drug – Users have difficulty dealing with stress when the circuit becomes dysregulated

Etiological Considerations cont. Learning and modeling – Drugs are reinforcers Use increases in environments devoid of alternative forms of reinforcement Life events – Chronic stress contributes to both initiation and maintenance of drug use – Emotional stressors associated with greater vulnerability to SUDs

Etiological Considerations cont. Cognitive influences – Expectancies Relationship between positive expectancies and substance use Negative expectancies associated with maintaining abstinence from use – Executive functioning Drug use alters executive functions (e.g., decision making and attention)

Etiological Considerations cont. Sex – Men and women differ in their pathways to drug addiction Women are less likely to have an SUD, and onset is often later in life; however, they become dependent more quickly and experience more severe consequences Men and women have different barriers to treatment Racial/ethnic factors – Minorities in inner cities are particularly vulnerable to drug use – Reduced access/use of community services for treatment

Course and Prognosis Development and progression of substance use among adolescents is debated in the literature – “Gateway theory” Risk factors include age of initiation and frequency of use during adolescence – Others include mood/anxiety disorders and certain personality disorders Recovery is notoriously difficult once an SUD is present

Course and Prognosis Treatment outcome – Influenced by: Severity of addiction Individual characteristics Length of stay in treatment – Recovery is a long-term process