Sex and Your Body Chapter Five

Female Sex Organs External Female Genitals (Vulva) Mons pubis Labia majora Labia minora Prepuce Clitoris Internal Female Genitals Vagina Uterus Cervix Ovaries Fallopian tube

Figure 5.1 The female sex organs Insert Figure 5-1 The Female sex organs

Male Sex Organs Circumcision Penis Scrotum The glans Corpus spongiosum Urethra Scrotum Function: Allows for sperm development at a temperature cooler than the body (93.6 degrees F) Testes Epididymis Vas deferens Prostate gland Cowper’s glands Seminal vesicles Circumcision

Male External Genitalia

Figure 5.2 The male sex organs Insert Figure 5-2 The male sex organs

Hormones and The Reproductive Life Cycle Sex Hormones Adrenal cortex produces androgens = Sex hormones Testes produce testosterone Ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone Pituitary gland produces LH and FSH Hypothalamus (controls the release of hormones from pituitary)

Differentiation of the Embryo Determined by the fertilizing sperm at the time of conception Conception - combining of 23 pairs of chromosomes Of the 23 pairs, one pair = sex chromosomes Egg carries an X sex chromosome Sperm carries either a X or Y chromosome XX provides the blueprint to produce a female XY provides the blueprint to produce a male

Female Sexual Maturation Physical changes begins around 8-13 with breast development and rapid body growth between 9 and 15. The 4 Phases of the Menstrual Cycle Menses Days 1-5 Estrogenic phase Days 6-13 Ovulation phase Day 14 Progestational phase Days 15-27

Figure 5.4 The menstrual cycle

Menstrual Problems Dysmenorrhea Premenstrual Tension (PT) Cramps, bloating, nausea associated with the menstrual cycle Some symptoms caused from prostaglandins Premenstrual Tension (PT) Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) Pharmacological treatment Lifestyle changes to reduce symptoms Limit salt intake Exercise Don’t use alcohol or tobacco Eat a nutritious diet Relax

Male Sexual Maturation Normally occurs 2 years later than girls Begins about 10 or 11 years old Physical changes Testicular growth Penis growth Pubic hair growth Voice deepens Increase in height

Aging and Human Sexuality Women: Menopause Ovaries gradually cease functioning Decreasing estrogen levels Increased risk of disease Men Gradual decrease of testosterone Loss of energy/sex drive/stamina

Sexual Response Cycle Four phases typically characterize the sexual response cycle: Excitement phase Plateau phase Orgasmic phase Males (refractory phase) Resolution phase

Sexual Problems Biological conditions affecting women: Vaginitis Vaginismus Endometriosis Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) 50-75% of PID cases are caused by STDs Biological conditions affecting men: Prostatitis (acute vs. chronic) Testicular cancer Most common in men in their twenties and thirties

Sexual Dysfunctions Common sexual dysfunctions Treatment Male – Erectile dysfunction Premature ejaculation Delayed ejaculation Women – orgasmic dysfunction Treatment Physical examination Pharmaceutical Relaxation and massage techniques Sources of Sexual Dysfunctions Psychosocial Behavioral

Sexual Behavior The development of sexual behavior Gender roles and gender identity Gender role is everything you do in your daily life that expresses your maleness or femaleness Gender identity is your personal, inner sense of being male or female Transsexuals –feel that their biological sex does not match their gender identity Transvestites – wear clothing identified with the other gender Intersexed –born with ambiguous genitals, neither fully female nor fully male.