Integumentary System Body Membranes

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Presentation transcript:

Integumentary System Body Membranes Human Anatomy Integumentary System Body Membranes

Introduction Largest organ of the body 21 square feet, 1.5-2 square meters 4 kilograms, 9 pounds, 7% - 15% of total body weight One square inch contains 20 blood vessels 65 hairs and hair muscles 78 nerves 78 sensors for heat 13 sensors for cold 160 sensors for pressure 100 sebaceous/oil glands 650 sudoriferous/sweat glands 1300 nerve endings 19,500,000 cells 0.5 million cells dying and being replaced

Classification of Body Membranes Epithelial membranes – composed of epithelial tissue and underlying connective tissue Connective tissue membranes – composed of various types of connective tissue

Classification of Body Membranes Cutaneous membrane: The skin Accounts for approximately 16% of body weight The largest, most visible organ

Epithelial Membranes (cont’d.) Serous membrane: Two layers: simple squamous epithelium lies on basement membrane Types Parietal: Lines walls of body cavities Visceral: Covers organs found in body cavities The serous membrane that lines body cavities and covers the surfaces of organs is a single, continuous sheet of tissue. The name of the serous membrane is determined by its location. What are some examples of serous membranes? (parietal and visceral pleura and the peritoneum) What are their functions? (cover and protect internal organs)

Epithelial Membranes (cont’d.) Serous membrane Diseases Pleurisy: inflammation of the serous membranes that line the chest cavity and cover the lungs Peritonitis: inflammation of the serous membranes that line the walls of the abdominal cavity and cover the abdominal organs Serous membranes secrete a thin, watery fluid that helps to reduce friction and serves as a lubricant when organs rub against one another and against the walls of the cavities that contain them. Pleurisy is also known as pleuritis. Why might peritonitis sometimes be a serious complication of an infected appendix? (If the appendix ruptures, the contents spill into the abdominal cavity onto the peritoneum, which then becomes infected.)

Epithelial Membranes (cont’d.) Mucous membranes Line body surfaces that open directly to the exterior Produce mucus, a thick secretion that keeps the membranes soft and moist What are some examples of mucous membranes in the body? (those lining the respiratory, urinary, reproductive, and intestinal tracts) What is the mucocutaneous junction? (where skin and mucous membranes meet) The epithelial component of a mucous membrane varies depending on location and function. The esophagus has a tough, abrasion-resistant stratified squamous epithelium. The lower segment of the digestive tract has simple columnar epithelium.

Connective Tissue No epithelial components Produce a lubricant called synovial fluid Synovial membranes between joints Lining of the bursal sacs

Function Protection: barrier against microbes, dirt, chemicals; shock bsorber Water balance: prevents loss of water and absorption Temperature regulation: blood vessels near surface vasoconstriction / vasodilation Waste disposal: excretion of oil, water, Na+, CO2, etc. Receptor organs: sensations of touch, pain, heat, cold, pressure Vitamin D production

Layers of the Skin Epidermis Dermis Subcutaneous (hypodermis)

Epidermis Outermost layer of skin Composed of 5 layers Avascular – no blood supply Complete regeneration in approximately 35 days Some regions are thicker than others (thinner on scalp and armpit than on sole of foot)

Dermis Called ‘corium’ or the true skin Framework of elastic connective tissue and blood vessels Contains Blood vessels and capillaries Lymphatic vessels Nerves Involuntary muscles Sweat and oil glands Hair shafts and hair follicles Sensory receptors

Subcutaneous – Hypodermis Innermost layer Composed of: elastic and fibrous connective tissue Adipose (fatty) tissue Connects skin to underlying muscles

Microscopic View of the Skin This figure shows the layers of the skin and its various structures. What are the functions performed by the parts of the skin shown in the figure? (Protection, storage, secretion)

Accessory Organs of the Skin Hair Hair growth requires an epidermal tubelike structure called a hair follicle Hair growth begins from hair papillae located at the base of the follicle Hair root lies hidden in the follicle The visible part of the hair is called the shaft Are there any parts of the body that are hairless? If so, which? (yes, palms of the hands and the soles of the feet) What is lanugo? (fine hairs present on body in a fetus/newborn) What is the arrector pili? (a tiny, smooth muscle present in the dermal skin layer) What function does it perform and why? (These muscles contract when one is frightened or cold.)

Accessory Organs of the Skin (cont’d.) Hair Follicle This figure illustrates the relationship of a hair follicle and related structures to the epidermal and dermal layers of the skin. What parts of the hair are in the dermis? (hair papilla, root, and follicle) What part/parts is/are in the epidermis? (The visible portion of the hair shaft is in the epidermis.)

Accessory Organs of the Skin (cont’d.) Receptors Specialized nerve endings that make it possible for skin to act as a sense organ Relays messages to the brain of touch, pain, temperature, and pressure What are the names and functions of receptors located in the skin? (The names indicate their functions; touch, pain, temperature, and pressure.) Receptors are widely distributed in the skin.

Accessory Organs of the Skin (cont’d.) Skin Receptors This figure illustrates the Meissner’s corpuscle and the Pacinian corpuscle. What stimuli do these corpuscles respond to? (light touch [meissner] and pressure [pacinian])

Accessory Organs of the Skin (cont’d.) Nails Produced by epidermal cells over terminal ends of fingers and toes Visible part is called nail body Root lies in a groove and is hidden by the cuticle Crescent-shaped area nearest root is called lunula Nail bed may change color with change in blood flow How are nails formed? (by action of the epidermal cells; nails are filled with keratin, making them hard) What purposes might the nails serve? (protection, assessment of circulation)

Accessory Organs of the Skin (cont’d.) Structure of Nails These two illustrations view the fingernail from above and in sagittal section (divided into right and left portions). What might cause the nail bed to change color? (impaired blood flow)

Accessory Organs of the Skin (cont’d.) Skin glands Sweat (sudoriferous) glands Eccrine Most numerous, important, and widespread of the sweat glands Produce perspiration (sweat), which flows out through pores on skin surface Function throughout life and assist in body heat regulation A single square inch of skin on the palms contains about 3,000 eccrine sweat glands. What is the difference between Eccrine and apocrine glands? (eccrine secrete sweat and are found throughout the body. Apocrine secret sweat, are larger, present in axilla and genital area, and secrete a thicker substance.)

Accessory Organs of the Skin (cont’d.) Skin glands Sweat (sudoriferous) glands Apocrine Found primarily in axilla (armpit) and around genitalia Larger than eccrine glands Secrete a thicker secretion quite different from eccrine perspiration Apocrine glands enlarge and begin to function at puberty. What causes the odor sometimes associated with secretions of the apocrine glands? (skin bacteria)

Accessory Organs of the Skin (cont’d.) Skin glands Sebaceous glands Secrete oil, or sebum, for hair and skin Level of secretion increases during adolescence Amount of secretion is regulated by sex hormones Sebum in sebaceous gland ducts may darken to form a blackhead Sebum secretion decreases in late adulthood, contributing to increased wrinkling and cracking of the skin. Why would sebum be referred to as “nature’s skin cream”? (prevents drying and cracking of skin) Think of the skin changes that occur from infancy to old age.

Functions of the Skin Protection First line of defense against Infection by microbes Ultraviolet rays from the sun Harmful chemicals Cuts and tears How does the skin protect the body against the potential hazards listed in this slide? (Skin acts a barrier to microbes entering underlying surfaces, melanin prevents damage from UV rays, keratin-filled cells of the stratum corneum resist chemicals and protect from cuts and tears.) What are the defensive properties of keratin? (Keratin is waterproof.) What are the defensive properties of melanin? Melanin is a pigment that prevents UV rays from penetrating the body.

Functions of the Skin (cont’d.) Temperature regulation The skin can release almost 3,000 calories of body heat per day Mechanisms of temperature regulation Regulation of sweat secretion Regulation of flow of blood close to the body surface How is heat lost through the skin? (Through evaporation and radiation) Blood supply to the skin far exceeds the amount needed by the skin.

Functions of the Skin (cont’d.) Sense organ activity Skin functions as an enormous sense organ Receptors serve as receivers for the body, keeping it informed of changes in its environment Meissner’s corpuscles detect light touch Pacinian corpuscles detect pressure Other receptors detect pain, heat, and cold How do receptors respond to environmental changes? (Receptors act as antennae, keeping body informed. The body can then react to the change.) What does SPF mean? Is it important? Why? (SPF means sun protection factor. It is important to protect one from damaging UV rays. Excess exposure to UV rays has been associated with skin cancer.)

Skin Color Melanin Carotene Only pigment made in the skin Yellow to reddish-brown to black Racial differences due to kind and amount of melanin made Local accumulations .. freckles and pigmented moles Exposure to sunlight increase manufacture of melanin .. protects DNA from UV damage and results in a tan Carotene Yellow to orange Accumulates in the stratum corneum and fatty tissue of hypodermis Color obvious in palms and soles

Skin Cancer Squamous Cell Basel Cell Malignant Melanoma Kaposi Sarcoma

Causes of Skin Cancer Genetic predisposition Sun’s ultraviolet rays - causes mistakes in mitosis More prone to blondes, red heads Most common skin cancer is squamous cell

Burns Burns are one of the most serious and frequent problems affecting the skin Treatment and recovery or survival depend on total area involved and severity or depth of burn Body surface area is estimated using the “rule of nines” in adults Body is divided into 11 areas of 9% each In what ways can the skin be burned? (fire, contact with hot surfaces, UV light, chemicals, and electrical currents) What are the 11 body areas defined by the Rule of Nines? (Head—front and back; torso— front and back; arms—right and left; front and back; legs—right and left, front and back; genitalia: see textbook, Figure 5-8, p. 113)

Burns (cont’d.) The Rule of Nines This figure illustrates the division of the body into 11 areas of 9% each to estimate the amount of skin surface burned in an adult. What percentage of the body is covered if a person suffers burns to the face and both arms? (22.5%)

Burns (cont’d.) Classification of burns First-degree (partial-thickness) burns: Only the surface layers of epidermis are involved Second-degree (partial-thickness) burns: Involve the deep epidermal layers Third-degree (full-thickness) burns: Characterized by complete destruction of the epidermis and dermis The classification system used to describe the severity of burns is based on the number of tissue layers involved. The terms partial-thickness and full-thickness are now more readily used to describe burns. The most severe burns destroy not only layers of skin and subcutaneous tissue but underlying tissues as well. What are some examples of how one might receive first-, second-, and third-degree burns? What are the symptoms and what tissues are damaged? First degree can result from a typical sunburn. Symptoms of a first degree burn are minor discomfort and some reddening. The epidermis is injured. Second degree from scalding. Second degree burns blister. They involve injury to the epidermis as well as the dermis. Third degree from a fire. Third degree burns may show blackened skin and the damage is extended into the subcutaneous tissues.