What is Life?

Living Things What are the requirements to be called a living thing? Sometimes nonliving things have some living characteristics, Must have ALL characteristics to be considered living

The Characteristics of Life Living and nonliving things share common characteristics, such as being composed of atoms, the smallest units of natural substances.

Cellular Organization All Living things are composed of cells

2. Reproduction All living things reproduce Every living things goal is to… Pass on its genes Essential for the continuation of the species

3. Grow and Develop Goes along with reproduction Must go from egg to breeding adult to be able to pass on genes Goes through stages

4. Homeostasis Maintenance of a stable internal environment Regulation of Body temperature water vitamins food energy minerals

5. Metabolism All living things use energy Ability to break down food for use to make energy “Respiration” Taking a food molecule with oxygen and making energy and carbon dioxide Food + O2 = ATP (energy) + CO2

6. Heredity All living things contain genetic information in DNA The transmission of genetic information from parent to offspring is heredity

Other characteristic that living things show Complexity Movement Sensitivity Adaptation Death

The Human Body: An Orientation

The Human Body – An Orientation Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function Physiology- study of how structures work neurophysiology- how the nervous system works cardiac physiology- how the heart works Relationship Between Anatomy and Physiology Each part of your body has a specific job, but they all work together. Structure determines the function.

Anatomy – Levels of Study Gross Anatomy Large structures Easily observable gross (macroscopic) anatomy- studying large body structures

Anatomy – Levels of Study Microscopic Anatomy Very small structures Can only be viewed with a microscope microscopic anatomy- studying small body structures

Life’s Organization Life is organized on many levels. Atoms and molecules are nonliving materials from which all of nature is built. Cells are organized into increasingly complex levels: tissues >>> organs >>> organ systems >>> organisms. Organisms, in turn, form populations >>> communities >>> ecosystems >>> biosphere.

Levels of Organization in Nature

Levels of Organization in Nature

Organ System Overview Integumentary Forms the external body covering Protects deeper tissue from injury Synthesizes vitamin D Location of cutaneous nerve receptors Integumentary system- skin Function: waterproofs the body, cushions and protects, excretes salts and urea, regulates body temperature

Organ System Overview Skeletal Protects and supports body organs Provides muscle attachment for movement Site of blood cell formation Stores minerals Skeletal system- bones, cartilages, ligaments, joints Function: protects and supports, framework for muscles, forms blood cells, stores minerals

Organ System Overview Muscular Allows locomotion Maintains posture Produces heat Muscular system- skeletal muscles Function: contract (causes movement & heat) for locomotion, facial expression, posture

Organ System Overview Nervous Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external change Activates muscles and glands Nervous system- brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors Function: (fast) control system, responds to changes, activates muscles and glands

Organ System Overview Endocrine Secretes regulatory hormones Growth Reproduction Metabolism Endocrine system- pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, pineal gland, ovaries/testes Function: (slow) control system, growth, reproduction, metabolism

Organ System Overview Cardiovascular Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes Cardiovascular system- heart, blood vessels Function: transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and wastes in the blood

Organ System Overview Lymphatic Returns fluids to blood vessels Disposes of debris Involved in immunity Lymphatic system- lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils Function: return fluid to blood vessels, cleanse blood, houses wbc

Organ System Overview Respiratory Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide Respiratory system- nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Function: supply oxygen, remove carbon dioxide

Organ System Overview Digestive Breaks down food Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible material Digestive system- oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, rectum, anus Function: breakdown food, deliver nutrients to blood, remove waste

Organ System Overview Urinary Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Maintains acid – base balance Regulation of materials Water Electrolytes Urinary system- kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra Function: remove nitrogenous wastes from blood, maintain water, salt, acid-base balance

Organ System Overview Reproductive Production of offspring Reproductive system- ♂- testes, scrotum, penis, other glands & ducts ♀- ovaries, uterus, vagina, uterine tubes, other glands Function: produce offspring

Anatomical Position Anatomical position- body erect with feet parallel and arms at sides with palms forward.

The Language of Anatomy Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding Exact terms are used for: Position Direction Regions Structures

Directional Terms Superior- toward head Inferior- toward feet Anterior- toward front Posterior- toward back Medial- toward midline Lateral- away from midline

Directional Terms Intermediate- between a medial and lateral structure Proximal- closer to attachment Distal- farther from attachment Superficial- toward surface Deep- away from surface

Body Landmarks Anterior abdominal- body trunk below the ribs axillary- armpit brachial- arm buccal- cheek

Body Landmarks Anterior carpal- wrist cervical- neck coxal- hip digital- fingers & toes femoral- thigh

Body Landmarks Anterior nasal- nose oral- mouth orbital- eye cavity patellar- front of knee pelvic- area in front of pelvis sternal- breastbone

Body Landmarks Anterior tarsal- ankle thoracic- chest umbilical- navel

Body Landmarks Posterior cephalic- head deltoid- curve of shoulder gluteal- buttock occipital- posterior surface of head

Body Landmarks Posterior sacral- posterior surface between hips scapular- shoulder blade vertebral- spinal column

Body Planes and Sections A section is a cut through the body or an organ along an imaginary line called a plane. Sagittal Section- lengthwise, divides the body into left and right parts. Midsagittal/Median Section: when both sides are equal in size.

Body Planes and Sections Frontal Section / Coronal Section- lengthwise, divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. Transverse Section / Cross Section- horizontal, divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

Body Planes Figure 1.6

Body Cavities Dorsal Body Cavity Cranial and Spinal cavities. Ventral Body Cavity Thoracic Cavity Diaphragm- thin muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. Abdominopelvic Cavity Abdominal Cavity Pelvic Cavity Dorsal Body Cavity- made up of the cranial and spinal cavities. Cranial Cavity- inside the skull; contains the brain. Spinal Cavity- surrounded by the vertebrae; contains the spinal cord. Ventral Body Cavity- made up of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. Thoracic Cavity- protected by the ribcage; contains the lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland. Diaphragm- thin muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. Abdominopelvic Cavity- made up of the abdominal and pelvic cavities. → Abdominal Cavity- contains the stomach, liver, intestines, spleen, and gallbladder. → Pelvic Cavity- enclosed by the pelvic bones; contains the reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum.

Body Cavities