Saturday Study Session 2 Theme of the day: Information Transfer Session 1 – Cell signaling, Endocrine system, and Thermoregulation

Clue: source = Starting point Question 1 Answer D Clue: source = Starting point Please help students understand the relationship between the steps and the possible answers. This one word should narrowing thinking down immediately to answers C and D.

Step 1: Reception Please remind students that ligands can be molecules or forms of Energy. If a molecule, molecules have distinct shapes and masses. If forms of energy, light, wave, pressure, etc.

Step 2: Transduction Please stress the need for conformational shape change. This identifies if this is the target tissue or not. If no conformational shape change occurs in the receptor protein; that is not the intended target.

Step 3: Response Make sure students understand it is either an enzyme being turned off/on or a process, such as transcription or replication, being turned on/off.

Clue: secondary = inside Question 2 answer C Clue: secondary = inside

Secondary Messenger First messenger (signal molecule such as epinephrine) Adenylyl cyclase G protein G-protein-linked receptor GTP ATP Second messenger cAMP Help students see the location and role Protein kinase A Cellular responses

Secondary Messenger cAMP Adenylyl cyclase Phosphodiesterase Pyrophosphate H2O P P i ATP Cyclic AMP AMP Please help students see this is an RNA Adenine molecule that has circled up. It could also be an ATP or ADP that has lost phosphates.

Clue: through the plasma membrane Question 3 answer A Clue: through the plasma membrane

Intracellular receptors Please remind students that secondary messengers are different from hormone (lipid based) ligands which can diffuse across the lipid bi-layer and meet up with its receptor protein. This are mostly associated with transcription of mRNA to generate protein synthesis.

Clue: numerous hormones to help regulate Question 4 answer B Clue: numerous hormones to help regulate Please help students understand this concept. If there exists numerous hormones to help regulate, then chances are good the all do something different.

Examples of Negative Feedback Loops Hypothalamus TRH Anterior pituitary TSH Please just stress that a molecule in excess is traveling back to in activate a process the is in action currently. Thyroid T3 T4

Positive Feedback Loop Please just focus on the fact that an end product is going back an amplifying a process that is currently in action.

Staying between the lines of life by using antagonistic signals. Death may occur out here. _________________________________ Life Can exist. State rises toward limit; so process is stopped by a signal andgets going in the opposite direction. Approach other limit so stopped and reversed by another signal _________________________________

Clue: antagonistic hormones Question 5 answer C Clue: antagonistic hormones Answer A is incorrect because Thyroxine is metabolism and PTH is calcium. Calcitonin would be the PTH antagonist. Answer B is incorrect because Oxytocin and Prolactin are synergistic in the breast during lactation. Answer D is incorrect because Progesterone and estrogen are complimentary in female reproductive cycles.

Blood Glucose regulation in the human body Body cells take up more glucose. Insulin Beta cells of pancreas release insulin into the blood. Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen. STIMULUS: Rising blood glucose level (for instance, after eating a carbohydrate- rich meal) Blood glucose level declines to set point; stimulus for insulin release diminishes. Homeostasis: Blood glucose level (about 90 mg/100 mL) Blood glucose level rises to set point; stimulus for glucagon release diminishes. STIMULUS: Dropping blood glucose level (for instance, after skipping a meal) Please make sure students understand the liver is the storage organ and the hormone source is the pancreas. Alpha cells of pancreas release glucagon into the blood. Liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose into the blood. Glucagon

Clue: effector = bodily Question 6 answer A Clue: effector = bodily Please help students understand the difference between answer A and answers B and C. B and C are not bodily functions. They are behaviors that must be initiated, such as let me do some jumping jacks or let me move into the sun. Shivering is an non-mental response (autonomic). It happens on its own. Answer D is a positive feedback loop.

Internal body temperature Temperature control Thermostat in hypothalamus activates cooling mechanisms. Sweat glands secrete sweat that evaporates, cooling the body. Blood vessels in skin dilate: capillaries fill with warm blood; heat radiates from skin surface. Increased body temperature (such as when exercising or in hot surroundings) Body temperature decreases; thermostat shuts off cooling mechanisms. Homeostasis: Internal body temperature of approximately 36–38°C Body temperature increases; thermostat shuts off warming mechanisms. Decreased body temperature (such as when in cold surroundings) Please explain and stress the hypothalamus’ role in temperature regulation. Blood vessels in skin constrict, diverting blood from skin to deeper tissues and reducing heat loss from skin surface. Thermostat in hypothalamus activates warming mechanisms. Skeletal muscles rapidly contract, causing shivering, which generates heat.

Math Grid In Answer The answer is: 50 mLs. Soulution: Ci Vi = Cf Vf Therefore, (1.0 M)(?) = (0.05 M)(1000mL) ? = (0.05 M)(1000 mL) (1.0 M) ? = 50 mL

Short Free Response 1 (4 points possible) Possible points awarded for: Discussion of negative back being a process in action being stopped and another process taking in in the opposite direction. (1 pt.) Example (1 pt.) Discussion of positive being a process in action being amplified by a product of the same reaction. (1 pt.)

Examples of Negative Feedback Loops Hypothalamus TRH Anterior pituitary TSH Please just stress that a molecule in excess is traveling back to in activate a process the is in action currently. Thyroid T3 T4

Positive Feedback Loop Please just focus on the fact that an end product is going back an amplifying a process that is currently in action.

Short Free Response 2 (3 points possible) Possible points awarded for: Discussion of reception being a ligand binding to a receptor protein. (1 pt.) Discussion of Transduction being a conformational shape change sets in motion of changing the signal into something a cell can “understand”. (1 pt.) Discussion of response being the cell “understanding” the signal and altering its behavior/function. (1 pt.)

Signal Transduction Response Make sure students understand it is either an enzyme being turned off/on or a process, such as transcription or replication, being turned on/off.